مستخدم:Translate seven/اغتيال مارتن لوثر كينج الابن

اغتيال مارتن لوثر كينج الابن

مارتن لوثر كينغأمريكية الدين و زعيم الحقوق المدنية ، بالرصاص في لورين نزل في ممفيس, تينيسي, في 4 أبريل 1968. وتم نقله إلى مستشفى سانت جوزيف ، حيث أعلن عن وفاته في الساعة 7:05 مساء العلم والتكنولوجيا. كان أبرز زعيم من حركة الحقوق المدنية و جائزة نوبل للسلام على جائزة نوبل الذي كان معروفا له استخدام اللاعنف و العصيان المدني.

James Earl Ray, a fugitive from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested on June 8, 1968, in London at Heathrow Airport, extradited to the United States, and charged with the crime. On March 10, 1969, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in the Tennessee State Penitentiary. He later made many attempts to withdraw his guilty plea and be tried by a jury, but was unsuccessful; he died in prison on April 23, 1998, at the age of 70.

Background

ملك الموت

King received frequent death threats due to his prominence in the Civil Rights Movement. He had confronted the risk of death and made that recognition part of his philosophy. He taught murder could not stop the struggle for equal rights. After the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, King told his wife Coretta, "This is what is going to happen to me also. I keep telling you, this is a sick society."

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في 3 أبريل وعاد الملك إلى ممفيس لمعالجة تجمع في ميسون معبد (مقر كنيسة الله في المسيح). له رحلة طيران ممفيس تأخر تهديد بوجود قنبلة إلا انه قام المخطط الكلام. ملك تسليم الخطاب ، التي تعرف الآن باسم "كنت على قمة جبل" العنوان. كما انه اقترب من نهايته ، وأشار إلى تهديد القنبلة:

«And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats... or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. [applause] And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land! [applause] And so I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. My eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord!»

The motel is now part of the complex of the National Civil Rights Museum. The wreath marks the approximate spot where King was shot.

King had gone out onto the balcony and was standing near his room when he was struck at 6:01 p.m. by a single .30-06 bullet fired from a Remington Model 760 rifle. The bullet entered through King's right cheek, breaking his jaw and several vertebrae as it traveled down his spinal cord, severing his jugular vein and major arteries in the process, before lodging in his shoulder. The force of the shot ripped King's necktie off. King fell violently backward onto the balcony, unconscious. Gribben، Mark. "James Earl Ray: The Man Who Killed Dr. Martin Luther King". truetv.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-02-05.

Shortly after the shot was fired, witnesses saw a man, later believed to be James Earl Ray, fleeing from a rooming house across the street from the Lorraine Motel. Ray had been renting a room there. Police found a package dumped close to the site, which included a rifle and binoculars, both with Ray's fingerprints. Ray had purchased the rifle under an alias six days earlier. A worldwide manhunt was triggered, which culminated in the arrest of Ray at London's Heathrow Airport two months later.

At the time, Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the deck, bleeding profusely from the wound in his cheek. Andrew Young, a colleague from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, first believed King was dead, but found he still had a pulse.

Within the movement

For some, King's assassination meant the end of the strategy of nonviolence. Others in the movement reaffirmed the need to carry on King's and the movement's work. Leaders within the SCLC confirmed they would carry on the Poor People's Campaign that year despite his loss. Some black leaders argued the need to continue King's and the movement's tradition of nonviolence.

Robert F. Kennedy speech

That night, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, running to gain the presidential nomination to represent the Democratic Party, spoke about the assassination. Kennedy had spoken earlier that day in Indiana and learned about the shooting before boarding a plane to Indianapolis. He had a speech scheduled there in a predominantly black neighborhood of the city. His press secretary Frank Mankiewicz suggested he ask the audience to pray for the King family and to follow King's practice of nonviolence. Kennedy did not learn King had died until he landed in Indianapolis.

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Mankiewicz and speechwriter Adam Walinsky drafted notes for Kennedy's use, but he refused them, using some he likely had written during the ride to the site.نسخة محفوظة نوفمبر 14, 2007 في Wayback Machine The Indianapolis chief of police advised Kennedy he could not provide protection and was worried he would be at risk in talking about the death of the revered leader. Kennedy decided to go ahead. Standing on a flatbed truck, Kennedy spoke for four minutes and fifty-seven seconds.

He was the first to tell the audience King had died; some of the attendees screamed and wailed in grief. Several of Kennedy's aides were worried that the delivery of this information would result in a riot. When the audience quieted, Kennedy acknowledged many would be filled with anger. He said: "For those of you who are black and are tempted to be filled with hatred and mistrust of the injustice of such an act, against all white people, I would only say that I can also feel in my own heart the same kind of feeling. I had a member of my family killed, but he was killed by a white man." These remarks surprised his aides, who had never heard him speak publicly of his brother's death."Top 100 American Speeches of the 20th Century". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-08-30. Kennedy said the country had to make an effort to "go beyond these rather difficult times", and quoted a poem by the Greek playwright Aeschylus, "Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God." In conclusion, he said the country needed and wanted unity between blacks and whites, and asked the audience members to pray for the King family and the country, quoting the Greeks again.

His speech was credited in part with preventing post-assassination rioting in Indianapolis, on a night where such events broke out in major cities across the country. It is widely considered one of the greatest speeches in American history.

Kennedy subsequently canceled all of his scheduled campaign appearances and withdrew to his hotel room. Several phone conversations with black community leaders convinced him to speak out against the violent backlash beginning to emerge across the country."1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike Chronology". AFSCME. AFL–CIO. 1968. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2006-12-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-12-23. {{استشهاد ويب}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |deadurl= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) The next day, Kennedy gave a prepared response, "On the Mindless Menace of Violence", in Cleveland, Ohio. Though still considered significant, it is given much less historical attention than the Indianapolis speech.

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President Lyndon B. Johnson

President Lyndon B. Johnson was in the Oval Office that evening, planning a meeting in Hawaii with Vietnam War military commanders. After press secretary George Christian informed him at 8:20 p.m. of the assassination, he canceled the trip to focus on the nation. He assigned Attorney General Ramsey Clark to investigate the assassination in Memphis. He made a personal call to King's wife, Coretta Scott King, and declared April 7 a national day of mourning, on which the U.S. flag would be flown at half-staff.

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Riots

Colleagues of King in the Civil Rights Movement called for a nonviolent response to the assassination, to honor his most deeply held beliefs. James Farmer Jr. said:

Dr. King would be greatly distressed to find that his blood had triggered off bloodshed and disorder. I think instead the nation should be quiet; black and white, and we should be in a prayerful mood, which would be in keeping with his life. We should make that kind of dedication and commitment to the goals which his life served to solving the domestic problems. That's the memorial, that's the kind of memorial we should build for him. It's just not appropriate for there to be violent retaliations, and that kind of demonstration in the wake of the murder of this pacifist and man of peace.

However, the more militant Stokely Carmichael called for forceful action, saying:

White America killed Dr. King last night. She made it a whole lot easier for a whole lot of black people today. There no longer needs to be intellectual discussions, black people know that they have to get guns. White America will live to cry that she killed Dr. King last night. It would have been better if she had killed Rap Brown and/or Stokely Carmichael, but when she killed Dr. King, she lost.

Despite the urging for calm by many leaders, a nationwide wave of riots erupted in more than 100 cities. After the assassination, the city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on favorable terms to the sanitation workers.

Reactions

Garment workers listen to the funeral service for Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. on a portable radio. April 9, 1968

 وقادت زوجة الملك  كوريتا سكوت كينغ  جنبا إلى جنب مع اطفالها الاربعة الضغار منه مسيرة صامتة في شوارع ممفيس يصل عدد من شاركوا فيها الى 40000 شخصا تكريما له و دعما منهم لقضية عمال النظافة السوداء.

The next day, funeral rites for King were held in his hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. The service at Ebenezer Baptist Church was nationally televised, as were these other events. A funeral procession transported King's body for 3.5 miles through the streets of Atlanta, followed by more than 100,000 mourners, from the church to his alma mater of Morehouse College. A second service was held there before the burial.

In the wake of King's assassination, journalists reported some callous or hostile reactions from parts of white America, particularly in the South. David Halberstam, who reported on King's funeral, recounted a comment heard at an affluent white dinner party:

One of the wives—station wagon, three children, forty-five-thousand-dollar house—leaned over and said, "I wish you had spit in his face for me." It was a stunning moment; I wondered for a long time afterwards what King could possibly have done to her, in what conceivable way he could have threatened her, why this passionate hate.

Reporters recounted that many whites were also grief-stricken at the leader's death. In some cases, the shock of events altered opinions. A survey later sent to a group of college trustees revealed their opinions of King had risen after his assassination. The New York Times praised King in an editorial, calling his murder a "national disaster" and his cause "just". Public figures generally praised King in the days following his death. Others expressed political ideology. Governor George Wallace of Alabama, known as a segregationist, described the assassination as a "senseless, regrettable act". But Governor Lester Maddox of Georgia called King "an enemy of our country" and threatened to "personally raise" the state capitol flag back from half-staff. California Governor Ronald Reagan described the assassination as "a great tragedy that began when we began compromising with law and order and people started choosing which laws they'd break". Strom Thurmond, South Carolina Senator, wrote to his constituents: "We are now witnessing the whirlwind sowed years ago when some preachers and teachers began telling people that each man could be his own judge in his own case."

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FBI investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation was assigned the lead to investigate King's death. J. Edgar Hoover, who had previously made efforts to undermine King's reputation, told Johnson his agency would attempt to find the culprit(s).Sack، Kevin (28 مارس 1997). "Dr. King's Son Says Family Believes Ray Is Innocent". The New York Times. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-01-04. {{استشهاد بخبر}}: استعمال الخط المائل أو الغليظ غير مسموح: |publisher= (مساعدة) Many documents related to this investigation remain classified, and are slated to remain secret until 2027. In 2010, as in earlier years, some argued for passage of a proposed Records Collection Act, similar to a 1992 law concerning the Kennedy assassination, in order to require the immediate release of the records. The measure did not pass.

Citation needed

Month and year

October 2015

الجنازة

حضر جنازته يوم 9 ابريل حشدٌ مكون من 300 ألف شخص. وحضر نائب الرئيس هيوبرت همفري نيابةً عن جونسون، والذي كان في اجتماع في كامب ديفيد عُقِد من أجل حرب فيتنام. (وكانت هناك مخاوف من حضور جونسون لأنه اذا حضر، فقد يتعرّض للضرب أثناء الانتهاكات والاحتجاجات المناهضة للحرب). وبناءًا على طلب أرملة الملك، تم اذاعة آخر خطبة له، والتي كانت في الكنيسة المعمدانية إبنيزر، في جنازته وكانت عبارة عن تسجيل من خطبته "Drum Major instinct" والتي ألقاها يوم 4 فبراير / شباط عام 1968. في هذه الخطبة، طلب ألا يتم ذِكر الجوائز والأوسمة التي حصل عليها، ولكن أن يُذكر أنه حاول "إطعام الجياع"، "وكساء العراة"، "وأنه كان مُحقًا في مسألة الحرب على [فيتنام] " ، "أنه أحب البشر وخدمة الإنسانية".

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Perpetrator

Capture and guilty plea

The FBI investigation found fingerprints on various objects left in the bathroom from where the gunfire had come. Evidence included a Remington Gamemaster rifle from which at least one shot had been fired. The fingerprints were traced to an escaped convict named James Earl Ray. Two months after assassinating King, Ray was captured at London's Heathrow Airport while he was trying to depart from the United Kingdom for either Angola, Rhodesia, or apartheid South Africa on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd. Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder.

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Ray confessed to the assassination on March 10, 1969. On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray took a guilty plea to avoid a conviction and potential death penalty. Ray was sentenced to a 99-year prison term; he recanted his confession three days later.

Ray fired Foreman as his attorney and claimed a man he met in Montreal with the alias "Raul" was involved, as was Ray's brother Johnny, but that he was not. He said through his new attorney Jack Kershaw that, although he did not "personally shoot King", he may have been "partially responsible without knowing it", hinting at a conspiracy. In May 1977, Kershaw presented evidence to the House Select Committee on Assassinations that he believed exonerated his client, but tests did not prove conclusive. Kershaw also claimed Ray was somewhere else when the shots were fired, but he could not find a witness to corroborate the claim.

Escape

Ray and seven other convicts escaped from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in Petros, Tennessee, on June 10, 1977. They were recaptured on June 13, three days later, and returned to prison. A year was added to Ray's sentence.

Ray worked for the remainder of his life attempting (unsuccessfully) to withdraw his guilty plea and secure a full trial. In 1997, King's son Dexter met with Ray; he publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a retrial.

William Francis Pepper remained James Earl Ray's attorney until Ray's death. He carried on the effort to gain a trial on behalf of the King family, who do not believe Ray was responsible, but that there was a conspiracy by elements of the government against King.

الوفاة

توفي راي في السجن في 23 أبريل عام 1998 في سن 70 بسبب فشل كلوي و كبدي و الناجم عن التهاب الكبد الوبائي (ربما أصيب به نتيجة نقل الدم بعدما طعن عندما كان في سجن براشي ماونتين ستيت).

نظريات المؤامرة

لويد جويرز

{{استشهاد بخبر}}: استشهاد فارغ! (مساعدة).في كانون الأول / ديسمبر 1993، ظهر رجل أبيض من ممفيس يدعى لويد جويرد في برنامج برايم تايم لايف على قناة ال (ايه بي سي). لقد قام بلفت الانتباه عندما ادعى وجود مؤامرة مزعومة و التي يشارك فيها هو والمافيا و الحكومة الفيدرالية لقتل الملك. وفقا لجويرز، كان راي كبش فداء و لم يشارك بطريقة مباشرة في عملية إطلاق النار. وفقا لوزارة العدل، فإن جويرز كان قد قام بالكشف عن أشخاص مختلفة بطريقة غير متسقة بأنهم سفاحين الملك منذ عام 1993. فقد زعم بأن مطلق النار كان: (1) رجل أفريقي-أمريكي و الذي كان متواجدا بالشارع الجنوبي الرئيسي ليلة الاغتيال ("الرجل الذي يوجد في الشارع الجنوبي الرئيسي")؛ (2) رول؛ (3) ضابط ملازم أبيض يعمل لدى قسم شرطة ميمفيس؛ (4) و شخصا آخر لم يستطع معرفته. لم تعتبر الوزارة اتهامات جويرز اتهامات موثوق بها، و أشارت إلى اثنين من المتهمين بأسماء مستعارة. و صرحت وزارة العدل أن الأدلة مزعومة بأنها تدعم وجود قاتل ثالث يدعى راؤول، و هو مشكوك في أمره. كان لدى جويرز مصالح أعمال بالقرب من المنطقة التي تم بها عملية الاغتيال.

According to the Department of Justice, Jowers had inconsistently identified different people as King's assassin since 1993. He had alternatively claimed the shooter was: (1) an African American man who was on South Main Street on the night of the assassination (the "Man on South Main Street"); (2) Raul; (3) a white "Lieutenant" with the Memphis Police Department; and (4) a person whom he did not recognize. The Department does not consider Jowers' accusations credible, and refers to two of the accused individuals by pseudonym. DOJ has stated the evidence allegedly supporting the existence of a third assassin, "Raoul", is dubious. Jowers had business interests in the vicinity of the assassination site.

كوريتا سكوت كينج مقابل لويد جويرز

Canedy، Dana (6 أبريل 2002). "A Minister Says His Father, Now Dead, Killed Dr. King". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-12-29. في عام 1997 قام ديكستر نجل كينج بمقابلة راي وسأله "أريد فقط أن أسألك للعلم بالشيء؛ هل قتلت أبي؟" أجاب راي: "لا. لا لم أفعل" فقال له كينج أن هو و أسرته يصدقونه، و قامت أيضا أسرة كينج بالحث على تجربة أخرى لراي. في عام 1999 ، قامت عائلة كينج برفع قضية مدنية ضد جويرز و المتآمر المجهول في القتل غير الشرعي للملك. و تم تجربة القضية كوريتا سكوت كينغ مقابل لويد جويرز، القضية رقم 97242, في المحكمة الدورية بمقاطعة شيلبي, تينيسي, من 15 نوفمبر إلى 8 ديسمبر / كانون الأول 1999.

Attorney William Francis Pepper, representing the King family, presented evidence from 70 witnesses and 4,000 pages of transcripts. Pepper alleges in his book, An Act of State (2003), that the evidence implicated the FBI, the CIA, the Army, the Memphis Police Department, and organized crime in the murder of King. The suit alleged government involvement; however, no government officials or agencies were named or made a party to the suit, so there was no defense or evidence presented or refuted by the government. The jury found defendant Loyd Jowers and unknown co-defendants civilly liable for participation in a conspiracy to assassinate King in the amount of $100. Members of King's family acted as plaintiffs.

After hearing no evidence from the government, and only testimony and pleadings cooperatively submitted by the plaintiffs and Jowers, the jury—six blacks and six whites—found King had been the victim of assassination by a conspiracy involving the Memphis police as well as federal agencies. Local Assistant District Attorney John Campbell, who was not involved in the case, said the case was flawed and "overlooked so much contradictory evidence that never was presented" This civil verdict against Jowers has been claimed by some persons to have established Ray's criminal innocence, which the King family has always maintained, but it has no bearing on his having pleaded guilty. The family said it had requested only $100 in damages to demonstrate they were not seeking financial gain.

The tomb of Martin Luther King and Coretta Scott King, located on the grounds of the King Center in Atlanta

Counter evidence

In 2000, the Department of Justice completed their own investigation into Jowers' claims; it did not find evidence to support the allegations about conspiracy. The investigation report recommends no further investigation unless some new reliable facts are presented. A sister of Jowers said he had fabricated the story so he could make $300,000 from selling it, and that she corroborated it to get some money to pay her income tax. King biographer David Garrow disagrees with William F. Pepper's claims that the government killed King. He is supported by author Gerald Posner.

Other theories

In 1998, CBS reported the two separate ballistic tests conducted on the Remington Gamemaster allegedly used by Ray in the assassination were inconclusive. Moreover, witnesses with King at the moment of the shooting say the shot was fired from a different location; from behind thick shrubbery near the rooming house, and not from a window of the rooming house.

King's friend and SCLC organizer, Reverend James Lawson, has suggested the impending occupation of Washington, DC, by the Poor People's Campaign was a primary motive for the assassination. Lawson also noted during the civil trial that King alienated President Johnson and other powerful government actors when he repudiated the Vietnam War on April 4, 1967—exactly one year before the assassination.

King had been targeted by COINTELPRO and had also been under surveillance by military intelligence agencies during the period leading up to his assassination under the code name Operation Lantern Spike.

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A church minister, Ronald Denton Wilson, claimed his father, Henry Clay Wilson, assassinated Martin Luther King Jr., not James Earl Ray. He stated, "It wasn't a racist thing; he thought Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way." But Wilson had reportedly previously admitted his father was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

In 2004, Jesse Jackson, who was with King when he was assassinated, noted:

According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's friend and colleague James Bevel put it more bluntly: "There is no way a ten-cent white boy could develop a plan to kill a million-dollar black man."Canedy، Dana (April 6, 2002). "My father killed King, says pastor, 34 years on". The Sydney Morning Herald. The Sydney Morning Herald. اطلع عليه بتاريخ September 18, 2006.Canedy، Dana (6 أبريل 2002). "My father killed King, says pastor, 34 years on". The Sydney Morning Herald. The Sydney Morning Herald. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-09-18.

References

External links

• "Civil Case: King Family v. Jowers" (Partial Transcripts of 1998 Trial), hosted by The King Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
• Department of Justice investigation of assassination, 2000 (following the Jowers' allegations)
• Congressional Report on King's assassination
• Shelby County Register of Deeds documents, Assassination Investigation]
• Donald E. Wilkes Jr, "Death of MLK Still a Mystery" (1987), University of Georgia Law School.
• Donald E. Wilkes Jr, "What Are Facts of MLK Murder?" (1987).
• Dr. King's Assassination, Civil Rights Digital Library.

[[:تصنيف:1968 في تينيسي]] [[:تصنيف:1968 في الولايات المتحدة]] [[:تصنيف:جرائم قتل في الولايات المتحدة 1968]] [[:تصنيف:أحداث أبريل 1968]] [[:تصنيف:اغتيالات في الولايات المتحدة]] [[:تصنيف:جرائم في تينيسي]] [[:تصنيف:وفيات بإطلاق النار في تينيسي]] [[:تصنيف:تاريخ ممفيس (تينيسي)]] [[:تصنيف:مارتن لوثر كينغ الابن]]