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== مراجع ==
{{reflist|2|refs=
{{مراجع|2}}
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<ref name=Australia>
{{cite web|title=Luminosity of Stars |publisher=[[Australia Telescope National Facility]] |url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_luminosity.html |date=12 July 2004 |accessdate=2 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809120004/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach//education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_specparallax.html |archivedate=9 August 2014 }}</ref>
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{{cite book|last=Ball|first=David W.|title=Basics of Spectroscopy|date=2001|publisher=Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers|location=Bellingham, Washington|isbn=0-8194-4104-X|pages=24, 28}}</ref>
<ref name=BinaryStars>
{{cite web|title=Types of Binary Stars|url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/binary_types.html|work=Australia Telescope Outreach and Education|publisher=Australia Telescope National Facility|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=Bowen>
{{cite journal|last=Bowen|first=I. S.|title=The Origin of the Nebulium Spectrum|journal=Nature|date=1 October 1927|volume=120|issue=3022|pages=473–473|doi=10.1038/120473a0|bibcode = 1927Natur.120..473B }}</ref>
<ref name=Buckyball>{{cite journal|last=Cami|first=J.|author2=Bernard-Salas, J.|author3= Peeters, E.|author4= Malek, S. E.|title=Detection of C60 and C70 in a Young Planetary Nebula|journal=Science|date=22 July 2010|volume=329|issue=5996|pages=1180–1182|doi=10.1126/science.1192035|pmid=20651118|bibcode = 2010Sci...329.1180C }}</ref>
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<ref name=Chiu>
{{cite journal|last=Chiu|first=Hong-Yee|title=GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE|journal=Physics Today|date=1964|volume=17|issue=5|pages=21|doi=10.1063/1.3051610|bibcode = 1964PhT....17e..21C }}</ref>
<ref name=CIOC>
{{cite web|last=Knight|first=Matthew|title=Why does ISON look green?|url=http://www.isoncampaign.org/why-does-ison-look-green|publisher=Comet ISON Observing Campaign|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=DustChemistry>
{{cite book|last=Millar|first=TJ|title=Dust and chemistry in astronomy|date=1993|publisher=Inst. of Physics|location=Bristol [u.a.]|isbn=0-7503-0271-2|page=116|author2=DA Williams}}</ref>
<ref name=Efremov>
{{cite journal|last=Efremov|first=Yu. N.|title=On the spiral structure of the Milky Way Galaxy|journal=Astronomy Reports|date=22 February 2011|volume=55|issue=2|pages=108–122|doi=10.1134/S1063772911020016|arxiv = 1011.4576 |bibcode = 2011ARep...55..108E }}</ref>
<ref name=Ellis>
{{cite journal|author=Ellis, Richard S.|author2=McLure, Ross J.|author3=Dunlop, James S.|author4=Robertson, Brant E.|author5=Ono, Yoshiaki|author6=Schenker, Matthew A.|author7=Koekemoer, Anton|author8=Bowler, Rebecca A. A.|author9=Ouchi, Masami|author10=Rogers, Alexander B.|author11=Curtis-Lake, Emma|author12=Schneider, Evan|author13=Charlot, Stephane|author14=Stark, Daniel P.|author15=Furlanetto, Steven R.|author16=Cirasuolo, Michele|title=THE ABUNDANCE OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES IN THE REDSHIFT RANGE 8.5-12: NEW RESULTS FROM THE 2012 HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD CAMPAIGN|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=20 January 2013|volume=763|issue=1|pages=L7|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/763/1/L7|arxiv = 1211.6804 |bibcode = 2013ApJ...763L...7E }}</ref>
<ref name=EllisRef>
{{cite web|title=Hubble census finds galaxies at redshifts 9 to 12|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1219/|publisher=NASA/ESA|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=Foukal>
{{cite book|last=Foukal|first=Peter V.|title=Solar Astrophysics|date=2004|publisher=Wiley VCH|location=Weinheim|isbn=3-527-40374-4|page=69}}</ref>
<ref name=Fraunhofer>
{{cite journal|last=Fraunhofer|first=Joseph|title=Bestimmung des Brechungs- und des Farben-Zerstreuungs - Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernröhre|journal=Annalen der Physik|date=1817|volume=56|pages=282–287|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2-AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q&f=false|doi=10.1002/andp.18170560706|issue=7|bibcode = 1817AnP....56..264F }}</ref>
<ref name=GrayCorbally>
{{cite book|last=Gray|first=Richard O.|title=Stellar spectral classification|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=978-0-691-12510-7|pages=507–513|author2=Christopher J. Corbally}}</ref>
<ref name=GoddardISM>{{cite web|last=Hudson |first=Reggie L. |title=The Interstellar Medium |url=http://wind.gsfc.nasa.gov/mfi/lepedu/terms/ism.htm |publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center Astrochemistry Laboratory |accessdate=19 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713115423/http://wind.gsfc.nasa.gov/mfi/lepedu/terms/ism.htm |archivedate=13 July 2013 |df= }}</ref>
<ref name=GoodyYung>
<ref name=Hearnshaw>
{{cite book|last=Hearnshaw|first=J.B.|title=The analysis of starlight|date=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-39916-5}}</ref>
<ref name=Hirsh>
{{cite journal|last=Hirsh|first=Richard F|title=The Riddle of the Gaseous Nebulae|journal=Isis|date=June 1979|volume=70|pages=162–212|jstor=230787|bibcode=1979Isis...70..197H|doi=10.1086/352195|issue=2}}</ref>
<ref name=Hubble>
{{cite news|title=Hubble Pinpoints Furthest Protocluster of Galaxies Ever Seen|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1201/|accessdate=13 January 2012|newspaper=ESA/Hubble Press Release}}</ref>
<ref name=HubbleLaw>
{{cite web|last=Haynes|first=Martha|title=Hubble's Law|url=http://www.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/hubbles_law.htm|publisher=Cornell University|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=Huggins>
{{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Francis A.|title=Fundamentals of Optics|date=1957|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=0-07-085346-0|pages=430–437|edition=4th|author2=Harvey E. White}}</ref>
<ref name=Kirchhoff>
{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVYEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1 |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |publisher=Taylor & Francis |title=On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat |author=G. Kirchhoff |volume=20 |issue=130 |date=July 1860}}
</ref>
<ref name=Kitchin>
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KIp_fmC9A0C&pg=PA568 |page=568 |author=Mahmoud Massoud |title=Engineering thermofluids: thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer |chapter=§2.1 Blackbody radiation |isbn=3-540-22292-8 |publisher=Springer |date=2005}}
</ref>
<ref name=Matthews>
{{cite journal|last=Matthews|first=Thomas A.|author2=Sandage, Allan R.|title=Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 1963|volume=138|pages=30|doi=10.1086/147615|bibcode = 1963ApJ...138...30M |url=http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=AD0404060}}</ref>
<ref name=Morison>
{{cite book|last=Morison|first=Ian|title=Introduction to Astronomy and Cosmology|date=2008|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=0-470-03333-9|page=61|url=http://astro.ustc.edu.cn/ycb/doc/Introduction_to_Astronomy_and_Cosmology.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202626/http://astro.ustc.edu.cn/ycb/doc/Introduction_to_Astronomy_and_Cosmology.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-29|df=}}</ref>
<ref name=Opticks>
{{cite book|last=Newton|first=Isaac|title=Oticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light|date=1705|publisher=Royal Society|location=London|pages=13–19|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3362k}}</ref>
<ref name=PeculiarMotion>
{{cite web|title=Peculiar Velocity|url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/P/Peculiar+Velocity|publisher=Swinburne University of Technology|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=PlanckHubble>
{{cite web|date=21 March 2013|title=Planck reveals an almost perfect universe|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_reveals_an_almost_perfect_Universe|publisher=[[وكالة الفضاء الأوروبية|ESA]]|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=Pradhan>
{{cite book|last=Nahar|first=Anil K. Pradhan, Sultana N.|title=Atomic astrophysics and spectroscopy|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-82536-8|pages=7,221}}</ref>
<ref name=redshift>
{{cite web|last=Huchra|first=John|title=Extragalactic Redshifts|url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/help/zdef.html|publisher=California Institute of Technology|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=Romanowsky>
{{cite journal
|last=Romanowsky |first=Aaron J.
|last2=Douglas |first2=Nigel G.
|last3=Arnaboldi |first3=Magda
|last4=Kuijken |first4=Konrad
|last5=Merrifield |first5=Michael R.
|last6=Napolitano |first6=Nicola R.
|last7=Capaccioli |first7=Massimo
|last8=Freeman |first8=Kenneth C.
|title=A Dearth of Dark Matter in Ordinary Elliptical Galaxies|journal=Science|date=19 September 2003|volume=301|issue=5640|pages=1696–1698|doi=10.1126/science.1087441|pmid=12947033|arxiv = astro-ph/0308518 |bibcode = 2003Sci...301.1696R }}</ref>
<ref name=Rubin>
{{cite journal|last=Rubin|first=Vera C.|author2=Graham, J. A.|author3= Kenney, Jeffrey D. P.|title=Cospatial counterrotating stellar disks in the Virgo E7/S0 galaxy NGC 4550|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 1992|volume=394|pages=L9|doi=10.1086/186460|bibcode = 1992ApJ...394L...9R }}</ref>
<ref name=Shu>
<ref name=Tessenyi>
{{cite journal|last=Tessenyi|first=M.|author2=Tinetti, G.|author3= Savini, G.|author4= Pascale, E.|title=Molecular detectability in exoplanetary emission spectra|journal=Icarus|date=November 2013|volume=226|issue=2|pages=1654–1672|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.08.022|arxiv = 1308.4986 |bibcode = 2013Icar..226.1654T }}</ref>
<ref name=VirgoCluster>
{{cite journal|last=Yasuda|first=Naoki|author2=Fukugita, Masataka|author3= Okamura, Sadanori|title=Study of the Virgo Cluster Using the B‐Band Tully‐Fisher Relation|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|date=February 1997|volume=108|issue=2|pages=417–448|doi=10.1086/312960|bibcode = 1997ApJS..108..417Y }}</ref>
<ref name=Wallace>
{{cite journal|last=Zwicky|first=F.|title=On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=October 1937|volume=86|pages=217|doi=10.1086/143864|bibcode = 1937ApJ....86..217Z }}</ref>
<ref name="ARXIV-20140508">{{cite arXiv|last=Sekanina |first=Zdenek |last2=Kracht |first2=Rainer |title=Disintegration of Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) Shortly Before Perihelion: Evidence From Independent Data Sets |date=3 Jun 2015 |arxiv=1404.5968v6 |class=astro-ph.EP}}</ref>
}}
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