ويكيبيديا

مستخدم:Mohamed Belgazem/ملعب 3

< مستخدم:Mohamed Belgazem
(بالتحويل من مستخدم:Mohamed Belgazem/ملعب/التكامل في أمريكا الوسطى)

نظرة عامة عدل

طالع أيضًا: History of Changi Airport وInfrastructure of Changi Airport
 
خريطة توضيحية لأهم مرافق مطار شانغي.

تشتغل داخل مطار شانغي حوالي 100 شركة طيران، تُسير رحلاتها من هُناك نحو 400 مدينة في 100 بلد وإقليم من مختلف أنحاء العالم، حسب إحصائيات نوفمبر 2020. تُقلع أو تهبط من المطار ما مُعدله 7,400 رحلة طيران أسبوعيا، بمُعدل رحلة طيران واحدة كُل 80 ثانية.

حسب إحصائيات المطار لسنة 2019، مر من المطار عدد مسافرين إجمالي بلغ 68,300,000 مسافر (أي بارتفاع بنسبة 4.0% عن سنة 2018)، وهذا الرقم هُو الأعلى في تاريخ المطار.[1] بهذا الرقم، يشغل المطار المركز السابع ضمن قائمة أكثر المطارات ازدحاما في العالم حسب حركة الركاب الدولية، والمركز الثالث في نفس الصدد ضمن مطارات آسيا. في ديسمبر 2019، سجل المطار مُرور 6.41 مليون مُسافر، وهُو أعلى رقم شهري للمطار مُنذ افتتاحه سنة 1981. كما سُجل في يوم 20 ديسمبر 2019 أعلى مُعدل يومي لحركة المسافرين في تاريخ المطار، بما مجموعه 226,692 مسافر مروا من المطار ذلك اليوم. أما في مجال الشحن الجوي، فإن المطار سجل مرور 2.01 مليون طن من البضائع خلال سنة 2019. ارتفع أيضا مُعدل حركة مرور الطائرات التجارية بنسبة 1.0% عن سنة 2018، حيث وصل إلى 382,000 خلال 2019.[1]

فاز المطار بحوالي 620 جائزة مُنذ افتتاحه، منها جائزة "أفضل مطار" 28 مرة خلال سنة 2019 لوحدها.[2] في 2019، ثبت المطار نظام آتروس (بالإنجليزية: AARTOS)‏ لمُراقبة حركة الطائرات بدون طيار.[3]

مباني الركاب عدل

Changi Airport has five main passenger terminals arranged in an elongated inverted 'U' shape with Jewel in the centre of the ‘U’ shape. Currently, the airport has a designed total annual handling capacity of 85 million passengers.[4]

مبنى الركاب تاريخ الافتتاح الموقع
مبنى الركاب 1 1 يوليو 1981[5] الجهة الشمالية
مبنى الركاب 2 22 نوفمبر 1990[6] الجهة الشرقية
مبنى الركاب 3 9 يناير 2008[7][8] الجهة الغربية
مبنى الركاب 4 31 أكتوبر 2017[9] الجهة الجنوبية

There is also a privately run luxury terminal called the JetQuay CIP Terminal. It is similar to the Lufthansa First Class Terminal at مطار فرانكفورت, but is open to all passengers travelling in all classes on all airlines with an access fee.[10]

The short-lived Budget Terminal was opened on 26 March 2006 and closed on 25 September 2012 to make way for Terminal 4.[11]

Mixed-use development عدل

لمعلوماتٍ أكثر: Jewel Changi Airport
 
The Rain Vortex at Jewel Changi Airport

Jewel Changi Airport, which opened on 17 April 2019, is a multi-use structure, mainly a shopping mall, interconnecting Terminals 1, 2 and 3.[12] Announced in 2013, it was a new terminal structure that is intended to be a mixed-use complex.[13] It is situated on a 3.5-hectare site where the Terminal 1 car park used to reside. Jewel was developed by Jewel Changi Airport Trustee Pte Ltd, a joint venture between Changi Airport Group and CapitaLand, through its wholly owned shopping mall business, CapitaLand Mall Asia.[14] The project cost S$1.7 billion.[15] Part of this project was planned to help expand Terminal 1 to handle 24 million passengers per year by 2018.[16]

مشاريع مستقبلية عدل

Terminal 5 is set to be ready in the future. It is expected to handle 50 million passenger movements per annum.[17] The airport terminal structure is projected to be larger than terminals 1, 2 and 3 combined. It will be built on reclaimed land to the east of the present terminals. It will be funded through the newly increased levy.[18] KPF Singapore with Heatherwick Studio, Architects 61, and DP Architects will provide architectural services. Arup Singapore, Mott MacDonald Singapore and Surbana Jurong Consultants will provide engineering services.The former Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan said that the Changi Terminal 5 project was delayed by at least 2 years as a result of the جائحة فيروس كورونا.[19]

العمليات عدل

 
Terminal 2 check-in area
 
Terminal 3 airside area
 
Aerial view of Singapore Changi Airport. The forested area to the right of the airfield has since been cleared for Terminal 5.

النقل الجوي عدل

As the airport only handles international passenger traffic, all terminals in operation are equipped with immigration-processing facilities for international travel.

After recovering from a drop in passenger traffic as a result of the هجمات 11 سبتمبر in 2001 and the متلازمة تنفسية حادة وخيمة (SARS) epidemic in 2003, the airport saw rapid growth in traffic, which hit the 30-million mark for the first time in 2004. In March 2008, prior to the full effect of the الأزمة المالية 2007–2008 on the global economy, the airport was predicted to handle 50 million passengers by 2012[20] due to the opening of كازينوs in Singapore and the phased liberalisation of the أسيان aviation sector. As predicted, the airport surpassed the 50-million mark in 2012.[21]

On 18 December 2017, the airport surpassed the 60-million mark for the first time.[22][23]

The airport saw a record 65.6 million passenger movements in 2018 - beating 2017's record of 60 million passengers with a 5.5 per cent increase.[24]

In 2019, Firefly, the sole turboprop operator in Changi Airport, moved to Seletar Airport to make way for their jet operations.[25][26][27]

Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, passenger traffic fell in 2020 and 2021, even due to the Delta variant resulting in the closure of Changi Airport terminals 1 and 3, as well as Jewel Changi Airport on 12 May 2021. The airport terminals reopened on 1 September 2021.[28]

Changi Airport officially integrated to كوالالمبور – سنغافورة shuttle flights by الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية, الخطوط الجوية الماليزية and ماليندو للطيران.

الشحن الجوي عدل

The Air Cargo Division of the Changi Airport Group (CAG) manages the Changi Airfreight Centre[29] located in the north of the airport premises.[30] The airport handled 1.81 million tonnes of air cargo in 2012, making it the 7th busiest airfreight hub in the world and the fifth busiest in Asia.[31] Due to Singapore's large electronics sector, electrical components constitute a significant part of the total cargo traffic handled at the airport. Changi airport has initiated attempts to expand into the perishable air cargo market. In 2015, Changi Airport handled 1,853,087 tonnes of air freight. Air Cargo World awarded the 2013 Air Cargo Excellence Award to Changi Airport for handling more than 1,000,000 tonnes of cargo in Asia.[32]

The airport handled 2,006,300 tonnes of cargo in 2016, making it the 13th top cargo airport in the world and the sixth in the آسيا والمحيط الهادئ region.[33]

In 2017, the airport handled 2,125,226 tonnes of cargo. The top five cargo markets for the airport were China, Australia, Hong Kong, United States and India.[34]

الوجهات الأكثر طلبا عدل

في 2018، تصدرت كوالالمبور قائمة أكثر الوجهات المطلوبة في المطار، متبوعة بمُدن بانكوك (تايلاند) وجاكرتا (إندونيسيا) وهونغ كونغ ومانيلا (الفلبين) ودنباسار/بالي (إندونيسيا) وطوكيو وهو تشي منه (فيتنام) وتايبيه وسيدني (أستراليا).[35]

السلامة والأمن عدل

 
Singapore Airport Emergency Services Griffon 8000TD

The Changi Airport Group (CAG) manages the overall safety and security of the airport. The Airport Management Division of the CAG manages the customer aspects of the airport's security, while the Aviation Security Unit oversees the airport's compliance with aviation security (AVSEC) policies, and manages AVSEC-related projects.[30] The airport's emergency and fire-fighting services are handled by the Airport Emergency Service Division.[36] The Airport Emergency Services handles all instances of rescue and fire-fighting within the airport premises as well as in surrounding waters. It operates from two main fire stations (Station 1 by Runway 1 along West Perimeter Road and Station 2 by Runway 2), one sub-station (Domestic Fire Station), and one sea rescue base near the airport.[37]

The airport's security comes under the regulatory purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore Police Force (SPF). The day to day discharge of security functions at the airport is performed by شرطة مساعدة forces including Aetos Security Management, Certis CISCO and SATS Security Services. Aetos and SATS Security Services are affiliated to the ground handling companies of Dnata and Singapore Changi Airport Terminal Services respectively.[38] On 29 April 2008, CAAS signed its then-biggest single security contract for all airport-related security services by engaging Certis CISCO to provide security services at Singapore Changi Airport, as well as Seletar Airport, Changi Airfreight Centre, and the Singapore Air Traffic Control Centre.[39] It involves the deployment of about 2,600 Certis Cisco personnel, including armed Auxiliary Police Officers and unarmed aviation security officers to perform tasks such as screening checked baggage, controlling access to restricted areas, and screening passengers before they board their aircraft.[40]

Since the هجمات 11 سبتمبر and the naming of the airport as a terrorist target by the الجماعة الإسلامية في جنوب شرق آسيا, the airport's security has been tightened. Singapore Armed Forces and Singapore Police Force officers, armed with assault rifles or sub-machine guns, have been deployed to patrol the terminals at random intervals.[41] Officers from the Gurkha Contingent are also dispatched to patrol the transit areas of the terminal buildings. These measures come at a cost partly borne by travellers in the form of a "passenger security service charge", imposed since 2002.[42]

In 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to luggage-screening processes being conducted behind closed doors, as opposed to them being done before check-in within public view. The screening of carry-on luggage and travellers are mostly conducted at individual departure gates, while check-in luggage is screened in the backrooms and secured before loading. A perimeter intrusion detection system for Changi Airport's perimeter fence has also been put in place to further strengthen the security of the airfield, while a biometric access control system for staff movement has been put in place since 2006.[42]

حوادث عدل

  • On 26 March 1991, Singapore Airlines Flight 117, operated by an إيرباص إيه 310, was hijacked by four Pakistani terrorists. The flight landed in Changi Airport at 22:15. The Singapore Special Operations Force stormed the plane, on the morning of 27 March. All four hijackers were killed, with no fatalities among the 123 passengers and crew that were held hostage for more than eight hours.
  • On 4 November 2010, خطوط كانتس الجوية الرحلة 32, operated by an إيرباص إيه 380, suffered an uncontained engine failure and made an هبوط اضطراري in Changi Airport. Upon landing, one of the engines could not be shut down due to ruptured control cables and had to be doused for three hours by airport firefighters to forcefully shut it down. There were no crew or passenger injuries, and all 469 people on board survived this incident.
  • On 27 June 2016, Singapore Airlines Flight 368, operated by a بوينغ 777, suffered an engine problem while flying from Singapore to Milan. During the diversionary landing in Singapore, the right engine and wing caught fire. The fire was quickly extinguished by airport fire services. There were no injuries among the 241 people on board.
  • On 16 May 2017, a fire broke out at the departure hall in Terminal 2.[43] The fire caused 40 flights at Terminal 2 to be delayed and diverted to Terminal 3.[44] Terminal 2 was closed from 17:30 to 22:45.
  • The very same year there was another fire. A Singapore Airlines aircraft caught fire and the only person onboard was a mechanic/technician who was able to get out.[45]
  • On 6 February 2018, a تي-50 العقاب الذهبي, part of the العقبان السوداء taking part in Singapore Airshow 2018, veered off the runway during takeoff and crashed. The resulting fire was put out by emergency services and the pilot was treated for minor injuries. Runway 1 was closed as a result and caused delays at the airport.[46]
  • On 19 June 2019, unauthorised drones were spotted around Changi Airport, causing 37 flights to be delayed and a runway to be shut intermittently.[47] Another such incident took place on 24 June 2019, causing 18 flights to be delayed and 7 more diverted. The disruption was made worse by bad weather.[48]

النقل الأرضي عدل

Changi Airport was built with ground-transportation considerations in mind from the onset, with the East Coast Parkway built and opened in tandem with the airport, providing a direct link to the city centre. At a distance of about 20 كـم (12 ميل), the expressway was built almost entirely on reclaimed land, thus minimising disruptions to the existing road network in Singapore's East Coast.

Despite the four main passenger terminal buildings being relatively close to each other, the CAAS (Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore) decided to build the Changi Airport Skytrain people-mover system to facilitate quicker and more convenient transfers between the terminals for travellers. The system was upgraded in 2007 with new technologies supplied by Mitsubishi, connecting to Terminal 3 and separating checked-in passengers from the general public on distinct tracks.

النقل ما بين مباني الركاب عدل

 
Changi Airport MRT station platforms
المقالة الرئيسة: Changi Airport Skytrain

Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are connected by the free Skytrain service, which operates from 05:00 to 02:30. During non-operational hours, travellers in the transit areas may transfer within the terminals by foot via the inter-terminal travellators. For travellers in the public areas, a free shuttle bus service will connect the three terminals.[49]

A complimentary 24-hour Airport Shuttle Bus service plies between Terminal 3 and Terminal 4 in both the public and transit areas. The journey takes approximately eight to 10 minutes.[50]

وسائل النقل خارج المطار عدل

النقل السريع عدل

The airport is connected to the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network via a two-stop branch of the East West line from Tanah Merah MRT station, consisting of two stations: Expo, serving the nearby Singapore Expo site; and Changi Airport. Changi Airport MRT station is located underground between Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. Direct, one-train service to the downtown and western parts of Singapore was initially in operation when the station opened on 8 February 2002. This was replaced by the current shuttle service between Tanah Merah and Changi Airport via Expo on 22 July 2003,[51] when it was found that passenger demand for this route was low.

As announced in the LTA's Land Transport Masterplan, the new Thomson–East Coast line will be extended to Changi Airport Terminal 5 and to the current Changi Airport station, with the current EWL Branch line being converted to be part of the TEL.[52]

الحافلات عدل

There are seven bus services operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore, making a loop starting from Terminal 3 to Terminal 1, and Terminal 2. Only four bus services will continue to Terminal 4 – Services 24, 34, 36 and 110. Bus stops are located at the basement bus bays of Terminals 1, 2 and 3. For Terminal 4, the bus stop is located next to Car Park 4B.

Coaches to and from جوهر بهرو are also available. Operated by Transtar Travel, the service will start at coach stands at Terminals 1, 2, and 3, and end at Larkin Terminal.

There is also a free shuttle bus service plying between Changi Airport (T3) and Changi Business Park. This service is a nine-stop route, running from Mondays to Fridays, except public holidays.[53]

سيارات الأجرة عدل

Taxis are available at taxi stands located in the arrival halls of each terminal. There is an additional airport surcharge for all trips originating from the airport.[54] Limousine and other transportation options are available at the Ground Transport Concierge.[55]

النقل الخاص عدل

All pick-ups by private transportation occur at the arrival pick-up points of each terminal.[56][57] Car rental counters are located in the arrival halls of each terminal.[58]

المشي أو الدراجات عدل

A new 3.5 كـم (2.2 ميل) Changi Airport Connector, which opened on 11 October 2020, links the airport to East Coast Park. Bicycle rental services are available along with other facilities such as pay-per-use showers and bicycle lockers at HUB & SPOKE Changi Airport. Along the way is a 1 كـم (0.62 ميل) long Changi Jurassic Mile where there is a permanent display of life-sized dinosaurs. Admission is free.[59][60][61]

أنظر أيضا عدل

 بوابة سنغافورة
 بوابة طيران

مراجع عدل

ملاحظات عدل

استشهادات عدل

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