حالة الأكسدة: الفرق بين النسختين

غالبًا ما تُستخدم حالات الأكسدة الجزئية لتمثيل حالة الأكسدة المتوسطة للعديد من ذرات نفس العنصر في البنية. على سبيل المثال، صيغة [[أكسيد الحديد الأسود|المغنتيت]] هي {{كيم|Fe|3|O|4}}، مما يعني أن متوسط حالة الأكسدة للحديد +{{كسر|8|3}} <ref name="Petrucci">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأول=R. H.|مؤلف1=Petrucci|الأول2=W. S.|مؤلف2=Harwood|الأول3=F. G.|الأخير3=Herring|عنوان=General Chemistry|مسار=https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill|إصدار=8th|ناشر=Prentice-Hall|تاريخ=2002}}{{بحاجة لمعرف الكتاب| مسار الأرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210105125924/https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill | تاريخ الأرشيف = 5 يناير 2021 }}</ref> {{صفحات مرجع|81–82}} ومع ذلك، قد لا تكون هذه القيمة المتوسطة ممثلة إذا لم تكن الذرات متكافئة. في {{كيم|Fe|3|O|4}} بلورات أقل من {{Cvt|120|K|°C|0}}، ثلثا الكاتيونات هي {{كيم|Fe|3+}} والثلث عبارة عن {{كيم|Fe|2+}}، ويمكن تمثيل الصيغة بشكل أكثر تحديدًا على أنها FeO·{{كيم|Fe|2|O|3}}.<ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأول=M. S.|الأخير=Senn|الأول2=J. P.|الأخير2=Wright|الأول3=J. P.|الأخير3=Attfield|عنوان=Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite|صحيفة=Nature|المجلد=481|العدد=7380|صفحات=173–6|تاريخ=2012|DOI=10.1038/nature10704|PMID=22190035|bibcode=2012Natur.481..173S|مسار= https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/10796489/Charge_order_and_three_site_distortions_in_the_Verwey_structure_of_magnetite.pdf|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806031453/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/10796489/Charge_order_and_three_site_distortions_in_the_Verwey_structure_of_magnetite.pdf

| id="1281" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>P(0) has been observed, see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWangXieWeiKing2008">Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". ''Journal of the American Chemical Society''. '''130''' (45): 14970–1. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ja807828t|10.1021/ja807828t]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18937460 18937460].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115181033/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18937460/ |date=15 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref>

| id="1437" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Ca(I) has been observed; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKrieckGörlsWesterhausen2010">Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)₃Ca(μ-C₆H₃-1,3,5-Ph₃)Ca(thf)₃] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". ''Journal of the American Chemical Society''. '''132''' (35): 12492–501. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ja105534w|10.1021/ja105534w]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20718434 20718434].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201175100/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20718434/ |date=1 ديسمبر 2020}}</ref>

| id="1468" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Sc(0) has been observed; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFF._Geoffrey_N._ClokeKarl_KhanRobin_N._Perutz1991">F. Geoffrey N. Cloke; Karl Khan & Robin N. Perutz (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". ''J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.'' (19): 1372–1373. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1039/C39910001372|10.1039/C39910001372]].</cite></ref><ref>Sc(I) has been observed; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPolly_L._ArnoldF._GeoffreyN._ClokePeter_B._Hitchcock1996">Polly L. Arnold; F. Geoffrey; N. Cloke; Peter B. Hitchcock & John F. Nixon (1996). "The First Example of a Formal Scandium(I) Complex: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22-Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene Ring". ''J. Am. Chem. Soc''. '''118''' (32): 7630–7631. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ja961253o|10.1021/ja961253o]].</cite></ref><ref>Sc(II) has been observed; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWoenChenZillerBoyle2017">Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (January 2017). "Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex". ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition''. '''56''' (8): 2050–2053. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/anie.201611758|10.1002/anie.201611758]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28097771 28097771].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928215724/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28097771/ |date=28 سبتمبر 2020}}</ref>

| id="1502" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η⁶-1,3,5-C₆H₃^''i''Pr₃)2][BAr₄] (Ar = C₆H₅, ''p''-C₆H₄F, 3,5-C₆H₃(CF₃)₂); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCalderazzoFerriPampaloniEnglert1997">Calderazzo, Fausto; Ferri, Isabella; Pampaloni, Guido; Englert, Ulli; Green, Malcolm L. H. (1997). "Synthesis of [Ti(η⁶-1,3,5-C₆H₃''i''Pr₃)₂][BAr₄] (Ar = C₆H₅, p-C₆H₄F, 3,5-C₆H₃(CF₃)₂), the First Titanium(I) Derivatives". ''Organometallics''. '''16''' (14): 3100–3101. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/om970155o|10.1021/om970155o]].</cite></ref><ref name="Carbonyls">Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary [[كربونيل الفلز]]; see , p. 4 (in German); , pp. 97–100; , p. 239</ref><ref>Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti([[2،2'-ثنائي بيريدين|bipy]])₃]⁻, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBowmanEnglandSproulsWeihemüller2013">Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". ''Inorganic Chemistry''. '''52''' (4): 2242–56. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ic302799s|10.1021/ic302799s]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23387926 23387926].</cite> However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C₆H₆]⁻ and [Ti(η-C₆H₅CH₃)]⁻, see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBandyBerryGreenPerutz1984">Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). "Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C₆H₅R)₂]^– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C₅H₅)₂]". ''Inorganic Chemistry''. '''52''' (4): 729–731. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1039/C39840000729|10.1039/C39840000729]].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104225647/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23387926/ |date=4 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref><ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFJilekTripepiUrneziusBrennessel2007">Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆: [Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻". ''Chem. Commun.'' (25): 2639–2641. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1039/B700808B|10.1039/B700808B]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17579764 17579764].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828190334/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17579764/ |date=28 أغسطس 2020}}</ref>

| id="1718" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Ni(−2) has been observed in Li₂[Ni([[5،1-حلقي الأوكتاديين]])₂], see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFJonas1975">Jonas, Klaus (1975). "Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal". ''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed''. '''14''' (11): 752–753. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/anie.197507521|10.1002/anie.197507521]].</cite> and <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFEllis2006">Ellis, John E. (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". ''Inorganic Chemistry''. '''45''' (8): 3167–86. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ic052110i|10.1021/ic052110i]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16602773 16602773].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115061352/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16602773/ |date=15 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref>

| id="1751" style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="MetalAnions" /><ref>Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMoretZhangPeters2013">Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". ''J. Am. Chem. Soc''. '''135''' (10): 3792–3795. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ja4006578|10.1021/ja4006578]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23418750 23418750].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226193807/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23418750/ |date=26 فبراير 2021}}</ref>

| id="1889" style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="Zintl" /><ref>As(0) has been observed; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAbrahamWangXieWei2010">Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". ''Chemistry: a European Journal''. '''16''' (2): 432–5. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/chem.200902840|10.1002/chem.200902840]].</cite></ref><ref>As(I) has been observed in [[arsenic(I) iodide]] (AsI); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFEllisMacDonald2004">Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". ''Inorganic Chemistry''. '''43''' (19): 5981–6. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ic049281s|10.1021/ic049281s]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15360247 15360247].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114221729/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15360247/ |date=14 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref><ref>As(IV) has been observed in [[arsenic(IV) hydroxide]] (As(OH)₄) and <span class="chemf nowrap">HAsO-</span>; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKläningBielskiSehested1989">Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". ''Inorganic Chemistry''. '''28''' (14): 2717–24. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ic00313a007|10.1021/ic00313a007]].</cite></ref>

| id="2043" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Sr(I) has been observed in [[strontium monofluoride]] (SrF); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFP._ColarussoGuoZhangBernath1996">P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et&nbsp;al. (1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063843/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy''. '''175''' (1): 158–171. [[بيب كود]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JMoSp.175..158C 1996JMoSp.175..158C]. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019|10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019]]. Archived from [http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-08.</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005190239/https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063843/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf |date=5 أكتوبر 2019}}</ref>

| id="2074" style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="Cloke1993">Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCloke1993">Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". ''Chem. Soc. Rev''. '''22''': 17–24. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1039/CS9932200017|10.1039/CS9932200017]].</cite> and <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFArnoldPetrukhinaBochenkovShabatina2003">Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". ''Journal of Organometallic Chemistry''. '''688''' (1–2): 49–55. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028|10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028]].</cite></ref><ref>Y(I) has been observed in [[yttrium(I) bromide]] (YBr); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233118/http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium%28i%29%20bromide_jmol.html "Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data"]. OpenMOPAC.net. Archived from [http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium(i)%20bromide_jmol.html the original] on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-10</span></span>.</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926213240/https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233118/http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium(i)%20bromide_jmol.html |date=26 سبتمبر 2019}}</ref><ref>Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMacDonaldZillerEvans2011">MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). "Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y²⁺, [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]". ''J. Am. Chem. Soc''. '''133''' (40): 15914–17. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ja207151y|10.1021/ja207151y]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21919538 21919538].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104111226/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21919538/ |date=4 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref>

| id="2107" style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="Carbonyls" /><ref>Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr([[2،2'-ثنائي بيريدين|bipy]])₃]⁻ (see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1">[[Norman Greenwood|Greenwood, Norman N.]]; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). ''Chemistry of the Elements'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). [[Butterworth-Heinemann]]. p.&nbsp;960. [[رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[خاص:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8|<bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi>]].</cite> and <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". ''Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie'' (in German) (101&nbsp;ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p.&nbsp;1413. [[رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[خاص:BookSources/978-3-11-012641-9|<bdi>978-3-11-012641-9</bdi>]].</cite>), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". ''Inorganic Chemistry''. '''52''' (4): 2242–56. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ic302799s|10.1021/ic302799s]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23387926 23387926].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104225647/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23387926/ |date=4 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref><ref name="Zr0">Zr(0) and Hf(0) occur in (η⁶-(1,3,5-^''t''Bu)₃C₆H₃)₂M (M=Zr, Hf) and [(η⁵-C₅R₅M(CO)₄]⁻, see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChirikBradley,_C._A.2007">Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". ''Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications''. '''4'''. Elsevier Ltd. pp.&nbsp;697–739. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5|10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5]].</cite></ref>

| id="2321" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Pd(I) has been observed; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCrabtree2002">Crabtree, R. H. (2002). "CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?". ''[[ساينس]]''. '''295''' (5553): 288–289. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1067921|10.1126/science.1067921]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11786632 11786632].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205233639/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11786632/ |date=5 فبراير 2021}}</ref><ref>Pd(III) has been observed; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPowersRitter2011">Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf ''Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Top. Organomet. Chem''. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. '''35'''. pp.&nbsp;129–156. [[بيب كود]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011hoso.book..129P 2011hoso.book..129P]. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2 6|10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6]]. [[رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[خاص:BookSources/978-3-642-17428-5|<bdi>978-3-642-17428-5</bdi>]]. [[ببمد سنترال|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066514 3066514]</span>. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21461129 21461129]. Archived from [http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 12, 2013.</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030125229/https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf |date=30 أكتوبر 2019}}</ref>

| id="2488" style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="Zintl" /><ref>Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb₂]⁴⁻, e.g. in RbBa₄[Sb₂][Sb][O], see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBossPetriPickhardZönnchen2005">Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). "Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ und ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻ / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ and ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻". ''Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie'' (in German). '''631''' (6–7): 1181–1190. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546|10.1002/zaac.200400546]].</cite></ref><ref>Sb(0) has been observed, see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFAnastas_Sidiropoulos">Anastas Sidiropoulos. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8817/39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf "Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p.&nbsp;39.</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218033721/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8817/39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf|date=2020-02-18}}</ref><ref>Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in [[organoantimony compounds]]; for Sb(I), see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFŠimonde_ProftJamborRůžička2010">Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition''. '''49''' (32): 5468–5471. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/anie.201002209|10.1002/anie.201002209]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20602393 20602393].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116133423/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20602393/ |date=16 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref><ref>Sb(IV) has been observed in <span class="chemf nowrap">[SbCl]<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup></span></span>

| id="2741" style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="Cloke1993" /><ref>Pr(I) has been observed in [PrB₄]⁻; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFChenChenLiLu2018">Chen, Xin; Chen, Teng-Teng; Li, Wang-Lu; Lu, Jun-Bo; Zhao, Li-Juan; Jian, Tian; Hu, Han-Shi; Wang, Lai-Sheng; Li, Jun (2018-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB₃^– and PrB₄^– Boride Clusters". ''Inorganic Chemistry''. '''58''' (1): 411–418. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572|10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30543295 30543295].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913063155/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30543295/ |date=13 سبتمبر 2020}}</ref><ref>Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO₂]⁺; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFZhangHuQuSu2016">Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (2016-06-06). "Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides". ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition''. '''55''' (24): 6896–6900. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/anie.201602196|10.1002/anie.201602196]]. [[الرقم التسلسلي المعياري الدولي|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-3773 1521-3773]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27100273 27100273].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422174700/http://worldcat.org/issn/1521-3773 |date=22 أبريل 2008}}</ref><ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHuJianSuWu2017">Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434915 "Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds"]. ''Chemical Science''. '''8''' (5): 4035–4043. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H|10.1039/C7SC00710H]]. [[الرقم التسلسلي المعياري الدولي|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-6520 2041-6520]. [[ببمد سنترال|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434915 5434915]</span>. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28580119 28580119].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726041158/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434915/ |date=26 يوليو 2020}}</ref>

| id="3324" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)₃³⁻; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1">[[Norman Greenwood|Greenwood, Norman N.]]; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). ''Chemistry of the Elements'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). [[Butterworth-Heinemann]]. p.&nbsp;1117. [[رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[خاص:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8|<bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η²-O₂)IrO₂]⁺; see [http://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/ C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026072533/https://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/|date=2020-10-26}}</ref><ref>Ir(VIII) has been observed in [[iridium tetroxide]] (IrO₄); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGongZhouKauppRiedel2009">Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition''. '''48''' (42): 7879–7883. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/anie.200902733|10.1002/anie.200902733]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19593837 19593837].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116062428/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19593837/ |date=16 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref><ref>Ir(IX) has been observed in <span class="chemf nowrap">IrO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup></span></span>

| id="3361" style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="MetalAnions" /><ref>Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the [[باريوم]] platinides Ba₂Pt and BaPt, respectively: see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKarpovKonumaJansen2006">Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". ''Chemical Communications'' (8): 838–840. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1039/b514631c|10.1039/b514631c]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16479284 16479284].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115045550/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16479284/ |date=15 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref><ref>Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKauffmanThurnerZatko1967">[[جورج كوفمان]]; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). ''Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)''. Inorganic Syntheses. '''9'''. pp.&nbsp;182–185. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51|10.1002/9780470132401.ch51]]. [[رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[خاص:BookSources/978-0-470-13240-1|<bdi>978-0-470-13240-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>

| id="3426" style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="MetalAnions" /><ref>Hg(IV) has been reported in [[mercury(IV) fluoride]] (HgF₄); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFXuefang_WangLester_AndrewsSebastian_RiedelMartin_Kaupp2007">Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄". ''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed''. '''46''' (44): 8371–8375. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/anie.200703710|10.1002/anie.200703710]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17899620 17899620].</cite> However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see [http://www2.hull.ac.uk/science/chemistry/research/inorganicmaterials/mercurytransitionmaterial.aspx Is mercury a transition metal?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161012232329/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/science/chemistry/research/inorganicmaterials/mercurytransitionmaterial.aspx Archived] 2016-10-12 at the [[واي باك مشين]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115114222/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17899620/ |date=15 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref>

| id="3493" style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="Zintl" /><ref>Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFerro2008">Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman (ed.). ''Intermetallic Chemistry''. Elsevier. p.&nbsp;505. [[رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[خاص:BookSources/978-0-08-044099-6|<bdi>978-0-08-044099-6</bdi>]].</cite> and <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTodorovSevov2004">Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). "Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn₅⁶⁻ and Pb₅⁶⁻ in the Zintl Phases Na₈BaPb₆, Na₈BaSn₆, and Na₈EuSn₆". ''Inorganic Chemistry''. '''43''' (20): 6490–94. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ic000333x|10.1021/ic000333x]].</cite></ref><ref>Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in [[مركب رصاص عضوي]], e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb₂(CH₃)₆; for Pb(I), see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSiew-Peng_ChiaHong-Wei_XiYongxin_LiKok_Hwa_Lim2013">Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). "A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion". ''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed''. '''52''' (24): 6298–6301. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/anie.201301954|10.1002/anie.201301954]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23629949 23629949].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902034044/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23629949/ |date=2 سبتمبر 2020}}</ref>

| id="3732" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="Wickleder_et_al.">Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160941/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Thorium.pdf ''The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. '''3''' (3rd&nbsp;ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp.&nbsp;52–160. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5 3|10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3]]. [[رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[خاص:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5|<bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi>]]. Archived from [http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-07.</cite></ref><ref>Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [Th^II{''η''⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃]⁻ and [Th^III{''η''⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃], see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLangeslayFieserZillerFurche2015">Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811171 "Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {&#x5B;C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂&#x5D;₃Th}¹⁻ anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state"]. ''Chem. Sci''. '''6''' (1): 517–521. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H|10.1039/C4SC03033H]]. [[ببمد سنترال|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811171 5811171]</span>. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29560172 29560172].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730160211/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811171/ |date=30 يوليو 2020}}</ref>

| id="3794" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>U(I) has been observed in [[uranium monofluoride]] (UF) and [[uranium monochloride]] (UCl), see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSykes1990">Sykes, A. G. (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=MZRm6E9LmgMC "Compounds of Thorium and Uranium"]. ''Advances in Inorganic Chemistry''. '''34'''. Academic Press. pp.&nbsp;87–88. [[رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[خاص:BookSources/978-0-12-023634-3|<bdi>978-0-12-023634-3</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206015936/https://books.google.com/books?id=MZRm6E9LmgMC|date=2021-02-06}}</ref><ref>U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U], see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMacDonaldFieserBatesZiller2013">MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). "Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U]". ''J. Am. Chem. Soc''. '''135''' (36): 13310–13313. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ja406791t|10.1021/ja406791t]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23984753 23984753].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902081857/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23984753/ |date=2 سبتمبر 2020}}</ref>

| id="3861" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−; see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWindorffChenCrossEvans2017">Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). "Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization ofref name="curium5" {Pu^II[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−". ''J. Am. Chem. Soc''. '''139''' (11): 3970–3973. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706|10.1021/jacs.7b00706]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28235179 28235179].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928230337/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28235179/ |date=28 سبتمبر 2020}}</ref><ref>Pu(VIII) has been observed in <span class="chemf nowrap">PuO</span>

| id="4183" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl₅); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFH._W._Gäggeler2007">H. W. Gäggeler (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090755/http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA%26M/TexasA%26M.pdf "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[معهد بول شيرير]]. pp.&nbsp;26–28. Archived from [http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA&M/TexasA&M.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-20.</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221063108/https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090755/http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA&M/TexasA&M.pdf |date=21 ديسمبر 2019}}</ref>

| id="4212" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHuebenerTautVahleDressler2001">Huebener, S.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et&nbsp;al. (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201143/http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf "Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Radiochim. Acta''. '''89''' (11–12_2001): 737–741. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737|10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737]]. Archived from [http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-10-25.</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224100310/https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201143/http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf |date=24 ديسمبر 2019}}</ref><ref>Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)₆); see <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFEvenYakushevDullmannHaba2014">Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et&nbsp;al. (2014). "Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex". ''Science''. '''345''' (6203): 1491–3. [[بيب كود]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...345.1491E 2014Sci...345.1491E]. [[معرف الغرض الرقمي|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1255720|10.1126/science.1255720]]. [[ببمد|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25237098 25237098].</cite> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804081258/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...345.1491E|date=2020-08-04}}</ref>

| id="4240" style="text-align:left;" |<ref>Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO₃Cl); see [http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228023225/http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf Archived] 2008-02-28 at the [[واي باك مشين]], Eichler et al., ''GSI Annual Report 2000''. Retrieved on 2008-02-29 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219002121/http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf |date=19 فبراير 2012}}</ref>