ابتهاج: الفرق بين النسختين

'''الابتهاج''' {{للهامش|ملاحظة 1}} حالة السعادة الغامرة (النشوة) المناقضة لحالة (الانزعاج أو عدم الارتياح)، تعرّف طبياً على أنها حالة ذهنية وعاطفية يشعر فيها الشخص بإحساس شديد بالسعادة والفرح والإثارة والانتشاء والشعور بالذات.<ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|تاريخ=September 2014|عنوان=Predictions, perception, and a sense of self|صحيفة=Neurology|المجلد=83|العدد=12|صفحات=1117|doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000000798|issn=0028-3878|pmc=4166359|pmid=25128179|vauthors=Picard F, Friston K}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة | vauthors = Dinas PC, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD | عنوان = Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression | صحيفة = Ir J Med Sci | المجلد = 180 | العدد = 2 | صفحات = 319–325 | سنة = 2011 | pmid = 21076975 | doi = 10.1007/s11845-010-0633-9 | اقتباس = According to the 'endorphins hypothesis', exercise augments the secretion of endogenous opioid peptides in the brain, reducing pain and causing general euphoria.&nbsp;... Based upon a large effect size, the results confirmed the endorphins hypothesis demonstrating that exercise leads to an increased secretion of endorphins which, in turn, improved mood states.<br />β-Endorphin, an endogenous μ-opioid receptor selective ligand, has received much attention in the literature linking endorphins and depression or mood states.&nbsp;... exercise of sufficient intensity and duration can increase circulating β-endorphin levels.&nbsp;... Moreover, a recent study demonstrated that exercise and physical activity increased β-endorphin levels in plasma with positive effects on mood. Interestingly, the researchers reported that, independently of sex and age, dynamic anaerobic exercises increased β-endorphin, while resistance and aerobic exercises seem to only have small effects on β-endorphins.&nbsp;... The results showed that mood tends to be higher in a day an individual exercises as well as that daily activity and exercise overall are strongly linked with mood states. In line with these findings, a recent study showed that exercise significantly improved mood states in non-exercises, recreational exercisers, as well as marathon runners. More importantly, the effects of exercise on mood were twofold in recreational exercisers and marathon runners.}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M | عنوان = Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms | صحيفة = J. Psychoactive Drugs | المجلد = 44 | العدد = 1 | صفحات = 38–55 | تاريخ = March 2012 | pmid = 22641964 | pmc = 4040958 | doi = 10.1080/02791072.2012.662112| اقتباس = Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates.&nbsp;... Under normal conditions, it is not surprising that sexual activity is physiologically regulated by the reward circuitry of the brain, specifically by dopaminergic pathways (see Figure 1). Moreover, the early stages of a new, romantic relationship can be a powerful and absorbing experience. Individuals in new romantic relationships report feeling euphoric and energetic. They also become emotionally dependent on, desire closeness with, and have highly focused attention on their partner (Reynaud et al. 2010; Young 2009). Human neuroimaging studies have shown that feelings experienced during the early stages of a romantic relationship are associated with neural activations in several reward-system and affect-processing regions of the brain (Young 2009; Aron et al. 2005; Bartels & Zeki 2000; Mashek, Aron & Fisher 2000).<!--It has been found that deltaFosB gene in the NAc is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate, and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus.&nbsp;... these findings support a critical role for DeltaFosB expression in the NAc in the reinforcing effects of sexual behavior and sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance.&nbsp;... both drug addiction and sexual addiction represent pathological forms of neuroplasticity along with the emergence of aberrant behaviors involving a cascade of neurochemical changes mainly in the brain's rewarding circuitry. -->}}</ref> وبشكل أدق فإن الابتهاج هو مجرد إحساس، ولكن المصطلح عادة ما يستخدم للدلالة على أقصى حالات ال[[سعادة]] المصاحبة للشعور التام بالرضا. كما تم تعريفها على أنها: إحساس مبالغ فيه من السعادة والشعور بالذات. كلمة يوفوريا مشتقة من اليونانية تعني: "قوة التحمل بسهولة، أو الخصوبة". من المرادفات أيضاً '''شَمَق'''،<ref>ترجمة Euphoria حسب [http://www.emro.who.int/Unified-Medical-Dictionary.html المعجم الطبي الموحد] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917231100/http://www.emro.who.int/Unified-Medical-Dictionary.html |date=17 سبتمبر 2017}}</ref> وهي حالة النَّشاط وَمَرَحُ الجنون.<ref>ترجمة Euphoria حسب [https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-en/euphoria/ قاموس المعاني] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070433/https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-en/euphoria/ |date=16 أكتوبر 2017}}</ref>

 

 

من المعلوم أن الرضا والفرح حالات تتطلب استمراراً ومُشاركةً فعَآلةً، وقد اختفت بشكل كبير الآن مع ظهور المسيحية، نشَأت صورة أكثر انفعالية عن النفس وعواطفها، حيثٌ يتم تعريف الابتهاج على أنها: حالة تكتسح الشخصية. وفيما كتب ويليام جيمس حول النشوة: "العزيمة التي تجعلنا ثابتين ومتماسكين هي ذاتها العزيمة التي نمتلكها للسيطرة على ألسنتنا". جيمس عرض شرحه الخاص لهذه الصلة بين الابتهاج والانفعالية، مناقشاً أن العواطف تظهر فقط حين تتخلى النفس عن صراعاتها مع العالم وبدلاً عن ذلك تستلم للاندفاع في حياة اللاوعي، الابتهاج هي فاعلية بطبيعتها.