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{{Infobox website
| name = Duolingo, Inc.
| logo = Duolingo_logo (2019).svg
| collapsible = yes
| screenshot = Duolingo homepage.png
| caption = Duolingo [[homepage]]
| company_type = [[Privately held company]]
| location = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], United States
| area_served = World
| founder = [[Luis von Ahn]], [[Severin Hacker]]
| CEO = [[Luis von Ahn]]
| industry = [[Online education]], [[Professional certification#Language education|Professional certification]], [[Translation]], [[Crowdsourcing]]
| services = Language courses, Duolingo English Test, Duolingo for Schools, Tinycards flashcard app
| revenue = {{Increase}}$ 36 million USD in 2018<ref name="Forbes2019" />
| operating_income =
| international = yes
| employees = 200+<ref name=Twitter2019>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/duolingo/status/1198993548797984775/ |title=We're thankful for our 200+ employees who have come from all around the world to help make education more accessible. |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>
| url = {{URL|https://www.duolingo.com}}
| programming_language = [[Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.duolingo.com/migrating-duolingos-android-app-to-100-kotlin|title=Migrating Duolingo's Android app to 100% Kotlin|website=blog.duolingo.com}}</ref> [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]],<ref name="real world swift">{{cite web|url=http://making.duolingo.com/real-world-swift|title=Real World Swift – Making Duolingo Blog|website=making.duolingo.com}}</ref> [[React (JavaScript library)|React]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]<ref name="making.duolingo.com">{{cite web|url=http://making.duolingo.com/rewriting-duolingos-engine-in-scala|title=Rewriting Duolingo's engine in Scala – Making Duolingo Blog|website=making.duolingo.com}}</ref>[[HTML]], [[CSS]], [[JavaScript]]
| advertising = Yes
| registration = Yes
| users = >300 million users<ref name="active users">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/08/01/duolingo-hires-its-first-chief-marketing-officer-as-active-user-numbers-stagnate/|title=Duolingo hires its first chief marketing officer as active user numbers stagnate but revenue grows|author=Frederic Lardinois |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
| language = {{Collapsible list
|title=[[multilingualism|Multilingual]]
|[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
|[[Catalan language|Catalan]] <small>(Through Spanish only)</small>
|[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]] <small>(Mainland Chinese Standard Mandarin, Simplified Characters)</small>
|[[Czech language|Czech]]
|[[Danish language|Danish]]
|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|[[English language|English]] <small>(American)</small>
|[[Esperanto]]
|[[French language|French]] <small>(European)</small>
|[[Finnish language|Finnish]]
|[[German language|German]]
|[[Greek language|Greek]]
|[[Guarani language|Guarani]] <small>(Through Spanish only)</small>
|[[Haitian Creole]]
|[[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]
|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
|[[Irish language|Irish]]
|[[Italian language|Italian]]
|[[Japanese language|Japanese]]
|[[Latin language|Latin]]
|[[Korean language|Korean]]
|[[Navajo language|Navajo]]
|[[Bokmål|Norwegian]] <small>(Bokmål)</small>
|[[Polish language|Polish]]
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] <small>(Brazilian)</small>
|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|[[Scottish Gaelic]]
|[[Spanish language|Spanish]] <small>(Latin American)</small>
|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]
|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|[[Thai language|Thai]] <small>(Interface language for learning English only)</small>
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] <small>(Northern Vietnamese)</small>
|[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]}}
| launched = {{start date and age|2011|11|30|df=yes}} (private beta)<br>{{start date and age|2012|06|19|df=yes}} (public release)
| current_status = Online
| native_clients = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Windows 10 Mobile]], [[Web Browser]]
}}
 
'''Duolingo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|uː|oʊ|ˈ|l|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|oʊ|,_|d|j|uː|-|,_|d|ʒ|uː|-}} {{respell|D(Y)OO|oh|LING|goh}}) is an American language-learning website and mobile app, as well as a digital language-proficiency assessment exam. The company uses the [[freemium]] model; the app and the website are accessible without charge, although Duolingo also offers a premium service for a fee.
 
As of 13 October 2020, the language-learning website and app offered 98 different language courses in 38 languages.<ref>https://www.duolingo.com/courses/all</ref> The app has over 300 million registered users across the world.<ref name="bizjournals201603">{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/03/23/duolingo-moving-to-east-liberty-plans-to-add.html | publisher=The Business Journals | title=Duolingo moving to East Liberty, plans to add employees |access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://venturebeat.com/2015/06/10/100m-users-strong-duolingo-raises-45m-led-by-google-at-a-470m-valuation-to-grow-language-learning-platform | work = Venture beat | title=100M users strong, Duolingo raises $45M led by Google at a $470M valuation to grow language-learning platform |access-date=21 June 2015| date = 10 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = Microsoft | work = Windows phone | url= http://www.windowsphone.com/en-us/store/app/duolingo-learn-languages-for-free/2d89520e-d360-4b5b-ba5a-5a15064aa935 |title=Duolingo – Learn Languages for Free |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/parulguliani/2016/07/22/duolingo-looks-to-dominate-the-mobile-education-market-with-new-flashcard-app/#5530e29a63ff|title=Duolingo Looks To Dominate The Mobile Education Market With New Flashcard App TinyCards|last=Guliani|first=Parul|newspaper=Forbes|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref>
 
==History==
The project was initiated at the end of 2009 in [[Pittsburgh]] by [[Carnegie Mellon University]] professor [[Luis von Ahn]] (creator of [[reCAPTCHA]]) and his graduate student [[Severin Hacker]], and then developed along with Antonio Navas, Vicki Cheung, Marcel Uekermann, Brendan Meeder, Hector Villafuerte, and Jose Fuentes.<ref name="TechCrunch Article">{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/12/duolingo/ |work=TechCrunch|title=Meet Duolingo, Google's Next Acquisition Target; Learn A Language, Help The Web | first =MG | last = Siegler |date=12 April 2011|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Duolingo Team">{{cite web|url=http://twitpic.com/4sjlpm | publisher= Twitpic|title=The Duolingo Team}}</ref><ref name="vator.tv">{{Cite web|url=https://vator.tv/news/2018-06-22-when-duolingo-was-young-the-early-years|title=When Duolingo was young: the early years|date=2018-06-22|website=VatorNews|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref>
 
The inspiration for Duolingo came from two places. Luis von Ahn wanted to create a program that served two purposes in one program.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Learning with Big Data: The Future of Education|last1 = Mayer-Schönberger|first1 = Viktor|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year = 2014|isbn = 978-0-54435550-7|pages = 9–10|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OXzeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |last2 = Cukier |first2 = Kenneth}}</ref> Duolingo originally achieved this by teaching its users a foreign language while having them translate simple phrases in documents, though the translation feature has since been removed.<ref name="Immersion removed">{{cite web|url=https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/20364950|title=Immersion|publisher=duolingo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330133138/https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/20364950|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Von Ahn was born in [[Guatemala]]. He saw how expensive it was for people in his community to learn English. [[Severin Hacker]] (born in [[Zug, Switzerland]]), co-founder of Duolingo and current [[Chief technology officer|CTO]], and von Ahn believed that "free education will really change the world"<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/01/22/crowdsourcing-capitalists-how-duolingos-founders-offered-free-education-to-millions/ |title= Crowdsourcing Capitalists: How Duolingo's Founders Offered Free Education To Millions| first =Parmy | last = Olson|work=Forbes}}</ref> and wanted to supply people an outlet to do so.
 
The project was originally sponsored by Luis von Ahn's [[MacArthur fellowship]] and a [[National Science Foundation]] grant.<ref name="NSFGrant">{{cite web|url= https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1054630 |publisher=National Science Foundation|title= Online Education as a Vehicle for Human Computation}}</ref><ref name="NewScientist">{{cite magazine|url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328476.200-learn-a-language-translate-the-web.html |magazine=New Scientist|title=Learn a language, translate the web}}</ref>
 
On October 19, 2011, Duolingo raised $3.3 million from a Series A first-round of funding, led by [[Union Square Ventures]], with participation from author [[Tim Ferriss]] and actor [[Ashton Kutcher]]'s firm, [[A-Grade Investments]] <ref name="pittsgazzette">{{cite news|last= Todd |first= Deborah M.|title= Ashton Kutcher backs CMU duo's startup Duolingo |url= http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/business/news/ashton-kutcher-backs-cmu-duos-startup-duolingo-641086/ |access-date=13 July 2012|newspaper= Pittsburgh Post Gazette|date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="wsj">{{cite news |title= The Daily Start-Up: Kutcher-Backed Language Site Duolingo Finds Its Voice |url= https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2012/06/19/the-daily-start-up-kutcher-backed-language-site-duolingo-finds-its-voice/ |access-date=13 July 2012|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal |date=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/funding_round/duolingo-series-a--e8b84a3f|title=Series A - Duolingo - 2011-10-19|website=Crunchbase|language=en|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref>
 
Duolingo launched into [[private beta]] a month later on November 30, 2011, and accumulated a waiting list of more than 300,000 users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2011/12/16/2639262/duolingo-translate-internet-teach-languages|title=Duolingo will translate the internet while teaching languages|author=Adi Robertson|date=16 December 2011|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://duolingo.tumblr.com/post/20142464554|title=We have a blog!|website=Official Duolingo Blog|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref name="vator.tv"/>
 
On June 19, 2012, Duolingo later launched for the general public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vator.tv/news/2018-06-22-when-duolingo-was-young-the-early-years|title=When Duolingo was young: the early years|date=2018-06-22|website=VatorNews|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref>
 
On September 17, 2012, Duolingo raised $15 million from a Series B second-round of funding led by [[New Enterprise Associates]], with participation from [[Union Square Ventures]] bringing Duolingo's total funding to $18.3 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2012/09/17/duolingo-raises-15m-series-b-round-lead-by-nea-will-expand-to-more-languages-and-to-mobile-soon/|title=Duolingo Raises $15M Series B Round Led By NEA, Will Expand To More Languages And To Mobile Soon|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref>
 
On 13 November 2012, Duolingo released their [[iOS]] app through the [[iTunes App Store]].<ref name="TCiOS">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/13/language-learning-service-duolingo-launches-its-first-iphone-app/|title=Language Learning Service Duolingo Launches Its First iPhone App|author=Frederic Lardinois|date=13 November 2012|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> The application is a free download and is compatible with most [[iPhone]], [[iPod]] and [[iPad]] devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/app/duolingo-learn-spanish-french/id570060128|title=Duolingo – Learn Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, and Italian for free|work=iTunes App Store|publisher=Apple|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>
 
On 29 May 2013, Duolingo released their [[Android app]], which was downloaded about a million times in the first three weeks and quickly became the #1 education app in the Google Play store.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57593078-93/duolingo-brings-free-language-courses-to-the-ipad/|title=Duolingo brings free language courses to the iPad|last=Farber|first=Dan|date=11 July 2013|publisher=C net|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
 
On June 19, 2013, one year after launching for the general public, Duolingo passed 4 million users, all through word of mouth,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/3412629|title=Forum - Duolingo|website=forum.duolingo.com|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> and on November 21, 2013, Duolingo reached 15 million users<ref name=":0" />
 
On February 18, 2014, Duolingo raised $20 million from a Series C round of funding led by [[Kleiner Perkins|Kleiner Caufield & Byers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/funding_round/duolingo-series-c--69ddeb3d|title=Series C - Duolingo - 2014-02-18|website=Crunchbase|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> It was reported Duolingo had had about 25 million registered users, 12.5 million active users, and 34 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2014/02/18/duolingo-raises-20m-series-c-round-led-by-kleiner-perkins-wants-to-dominate-online-language-learning/|title=Duolingo Raises $20M Series C Led By Kleiner Perkins To Dominate Online Language Learning|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> On June 2, 2014, Duolingo passed 30 million users.<ref name=":0" />
 
On June 10, 2015, Duolingo raised $45 million from a Series D fourth-round of funding led by [[CapitalG|Google Capital]], bringing its total funding to $83.3 million, a valuation of $470 million, as well as passing 100 million users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/funding_round/duolingo-series-d--e0fe8ebb|title=Series D - Duolingo - 2015-06-10|website=Crunchbase|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2015/06/10/duolingo-raises-45-million-series-d-round-led-by-google-ventures-now-valued-at-470m/|title=Duolingo Raises $45 Million Series D Round Led By Google Capital, Now Valued At $470M|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/06/10/100m-users-strong-duolingo-raises-45m-led-by-google-at-a-470m-valuation-to-grow-language-learning-platform/|title=100M users strong, Duolingo raises $45M led by Google at a $470M valuation to grow language-learning platform|date=2015-06-10|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref>
 
In April 2016, it was reported that Duolingo had 17 million monthly users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/duolingo-case-study-dynamodb/|title=Duolingo Case Study-DynamoDB|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Duolingo Stores 31 Billion Items on Amazon DynamoDB and Uses AWS to Deliver Language Lessons|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhnAvn2YxZA|language=en|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>
 
On July 25, 2017, that Duolingo raised $25 million from a Series E fifth-round of investment from [[Drive Capital]], bringing its total funding to $108.3 million, a valuation of $700 million, as well as passing 200 million users and having 25 million monthly users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/funding_round/duolingo-series-e--3d03bf06|title=Series E - Duolingo - 2017-07-25|website=Crunchbase|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/07/25/duolingo-raises-25m-at-a-700m-valuation/|title=Duolingo raises $25M at a $700M valuation|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> It was reported that Duolingo had 95 employees,<ref name="Duolingo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/duolingo-now-valued-at-1-5-billion-300968516.html|title=Duolingo Now Valued at $1.5 Billion|last=Duolingo|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> and the funds would be directed toward creating initiatives such as TinyCards and Duolingo Labs.<ref name="forbes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elaineramirez/2017/09/07/duolingo-korean-language-course-launch/4/#2ecaa1d8739f|title=Duolingo Is Launching A Korean Course To Cash In On Asia's Booming Language Market|last1=Elaine|first1=Ramirez|website=Forbes|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
 
On August 1, 2018, it was reported Duolingo had passed 300 million users.<ref name="social.techcrunch.com">{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2018/08/01/duolingo-hires-its-first-chief-marketing-officer-as-active-user-numbers-stagnate/|title=Duolingo hires its first chief marketing officer as active user numbers stagnate but revenue grows|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref>
 
On December 4, 2019, it was announced that Duolingo raised $30 million in a series F sixth-round of investment from [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]]’s investment company [[CapitalG]], bringing a total funding of $138.3 million, a valuation of $1.5 billion, reporting 30 million monthly active learners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/12/04/duolingo-raises-30-million-from-alphabets-capitalg-at-1-5-billion-valuation/|title=Duolingo raises $30 million from Alphabet's CapitalG at $1.5 billion valuation|date=2019-12-04|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref> Duolingo will use the funds on developing new products and expanding its team. Expanding the team will span a variety of positions, including in engineering, business development, design, curriculum and content creators, community outreach and marketing.<ref name="triblive.com">{{Cite web|url=https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/duolingo-touts-1-5b-valuation-language-company-to-hire-100-more-people-mostly-in-pittsburgh/|title=Duolingo touts $1.5B valuation; language company to hire 100 more people, mostly in Pittsburgh {{!}} TribLIVE.com|website=triblive.com|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref>
 
During 2019, Duolingo grew from 170 staff members<ref name="Adams">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2019/07/16/game-of-tongues-how-duolingo-built-a-700-million-business-with-its-addictive-language-learning-app/|title=Game of Tongues: How Duolingo Built A $700 Million Business With Its Addictive Language-Learning App|last=Adams|first=Susan|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> to 200 employees,<ref name="Duolingo"/> with headquarters in the [[Pittsburgh]] neighborhood of [[East Liberty (Pittsburgh)|East Liberty]]<ref name="duolingo.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.duolingo.com/comment/3412629|title=Duolingo turns two today!|author=Luis|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/blog/innovation/2013/05/duolingo-launching-on-android-signing.html |title= Duolingo launching on Android; plans move to bigger office |publisher= Biz journals|date=29 May 2013|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/03/23/duolingo-moving-to-east-liberty-plans-to-add.html|title=Duolingo moving to East Liberty, plans to add employees|date=23 March 2016|last=Hartmans|first=Avery|website=Pittsburgh Business Times|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref> and offices in [[New York City|New York]]; [[Bellevue, Washington]] (near [[Seattle]]); and [[Beijing]].<ref name="Duolingo"/><ref name="bellevue">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2019/language-learning-startup-duolingo-looks-grow-seattle-area-office-2019/|title=Language-learning startup Duolingo looks to grow Seattle-area office in 2019
|last=Schlosser
|first=Kurt|website=GeekWire|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03
|date=2019-03-14}}
</ref> Of Duolingo’s 200 employees, 166 work in its East Liberty headquarters, 17 work in New York, 8 in Bellevue, and 8 in China.<ref name="triblive.com"/>
 
Duolingo had a revenue of $1 million in 2016, $13 million in 2017,<ref name="social.techcrunch.com"/> $36 million in 2018,<ref name="Adams"/> and was projected to hit $86 million in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201912/13/WS5df2ebe7a310cf3e3557de46.html|title=Language-learning app Duolingo bullish on Chinese market - Chinadaily.com.cn|last=张洁|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> In April 2020, Duolingo passed one million paid subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doughty|first=Nate|date=April 8, 2020|title=Duolingo passes one million paid users, expands with new hires|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2020/04/08/duolingo-passes-one-million-paid-users-expands.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=December 12, 2020|website=Pittsburgh Business Times}}</ref>
 
==Language courses==
 
===Courses for English speakers===
{{As of|2021|01|11|df=US}}, 36 courses are available to the public in English, three of which are [[constructed language]]s, including two [[fictional language]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Allan|first1=Patrick|date=16 January 2017|title=Language Learning Showdown: Rosetta Stone Vs. Duolingo|url=https://www.lifehacker.com.au/2017/01/language-learning-showdown-rosetta-stone-vs-duolingo/|access-date=11 October 2017|publisher=Lifehacker}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Fisher|first1=Stacy|title=Duolingo Review|url=https://www.thebalance.com/duolingo-review-1357041|access-date=11 October 2017|publisher=The Balance}}</ref><ref name="duolingo">{{cite web|title=Language Courses for English Speakers|url=https://en.duolingo.com/courses|access-date=January 11, 2020|publisher=Duolingo}}</ref> Four of the courses listed have been released for beta testing, but are not complete as of January 11, 2021. In this list, the courses are ordered by number of active learners.
 
As of January 11, 2021:<ref name="duolingo"/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (28.8M)
* [[French of France|French]] (17.1M)
* [[German language|German]] (9.16M)
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (9.04M)
* [[Italian language|Italian]] (6.12M)
* [[Korean language|Korean]] (5.6M)
* [[Mandarin Chinese]] (4.82M)
* [[Russian language|Russian]] (3.92M)
* [[Hindi]] (3.76M)
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (2.98M)
* [[Brazilian Portuguese]] (2.48M)
* [[Turkish language|Turkish]] (2.2M)
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (1.53M)
* [[Latin]] (1.43M)
* [[Swedish language|Swedish]] (1.27M)
* [[Irish language|Irish]] (1.11M)
* [[Greek language|Greek]] (1.09M)
* [[Polish language|Polish]] (962K)
* [[Bokmål|Norwegian Bokmål]] (946K)
* [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] (893K)
* [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (710K)
* [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] (599K)
* [[Danish language|Danish]] (541K)
* [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (510K)
* [[Valyrian languages|High Valyrian]] (499K)
* [[Scottish Gaelic]] (487K)
* [[Welsh language|Welsh]] (469K)
* [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (460K)
* [[Czech language|Czech]] (425K)
* [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (Beta) (399K)
* [[Swahili Language|Swahili]] (389K)
* [[Hungarian_language|Hungarian]] (Beta) (320K)
* [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (306K)
* [[Klingon language|Klingon]] (Beta) (303K)
* [[Esperanto language|Esperanto]] (291K)
* [[Navajo language|Navajo]] (Beta) (290K)
}}
 
=== Courses available in other languages ===
As of June 28, 2020, 23 languages are available to speakers of languages other than English.<ref>{{cite web|title=Duolingo Language Courses|url=https://www.duolingo.com/courses/all|access-date=18 November 2018|website=Duolingo}}</ref>
 
As of January 16, 2021:
{{Hidden
| headercss = background:#58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = Mandarin Chinese
| content = The Mandarin Chinese course is also available in the following language besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*Japanese}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = English
| content = The English course is available in the following languages:
{{Columns-list|*Arabic
*Chinese
*Czech
*Dutch
*French
*German
*Greek
*Hindi
*Hungarian
*Indonesian
*Italian
*Japanese
*Korean
*Polish
*Portuguese
*Romanian
*Russian
*Spanish
*Thai
*Turkish
*Ukrainian
*Vietnamese|colwidth=15em}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = Esperanto
| content = The Esperanto course is also available in the following languages besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*French (Beta)
*Portuguese (Beta)}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = French
| content = The French course is also available in the following languages besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*Arabic
*Chinese
*Dutch
*German
*Italian
*Portuguese
*Russian
*Spanish}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = German
| content = The German course is also available in the following languages besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*Arabic
*Dutch
*French
*Italian
*Portuguese
*Russian
*Turkish}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = Italian
| content = The Italian course is also available in the following languages besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*Chinese (Beta)
*French
*Portuguese
*Spanish}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = Japanese
| content = The Japanese course is also available in the following language besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*Chinese}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = Korean
| content = The Korean course is also available in the following language besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*Chinese (Beta)}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = Brazilian Portuguese
| content = The Brazilian Portuguese course is also available in the following language besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*French}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = Russian
| content = The Russian course is also available in the following language besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*Turkish}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = Spanish
| content = The Spanish course is also available in the following languages besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*Chinese (Beta)
*French
*German
*Italian
*Portuguese
*Russian}}
}}
{{Hidden
| headercss = background: #58CD00; font-size: 100%; width: 100%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 95%;
| header = Swedish
| content = The Swedish course is also available in the following language besides English:
{{Columns-list
|colwidth=15em
|*Arabic}}
}}
 
===Future Courses===
[[Māori language|Māori]],<ref>https://incubator.duolingo.com/courses/mi/en/status, Duolingo, retrieved on January 9th, 2021</ref> [[Yiddish]],<ref>https://incubator.duolingo.com/courses/yi/en/status, Duolingo, retrieved on January 9th, 2021</ref> and [[Haitian Creole]]<ref>https://incubator.duolingo.com/courses/ht/en/status, Duolingo, retrieved on January 9th, 2021</ref> courses for English speakers are planned to be added to Duolingo.
 
==Features==
 
Duolingo mimics the structure of [[video games]] in several ways in order to engage its users. It features a reward system in which users acquire "lingots", an [[in-game currency]] that they can spend on features such as character customizations or bonus levels (both available on the mobile app only).
 
On public leaderboards people can compete against their friends or see how they stack up against the rest of the world in randomly selected groupings of up to 30 users. The level system that Duolingo uses is XP ([[experience points]]), a numerical system that represents a user's skill-level. Badges in Duolingo represent achievements that are earned from completing specific objectives or challenges.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Huynh|first1=Duy|title=Analyzing Gamification of "Duolingo" with Focus on Its Course Structure|last2=Zuo|first2=Long|last3=Iida|first3=Hiroyuki|date=5 December 2016|journal=Games and Learning Alliance|publisher=Springer, Cham|isbn=9783319501819|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|pages=268–277|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-50182-6_24}}</ref>
 
The study process in Duolingo combines various methods such as: listening to the pronunciation, reading sentences, voice recording, forming phrases by ordering words and matching images to words.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agomuoh|first=Fionna|title=I've been learning French on the Duolingo app for over a year now — here's what it's like to use the app|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/duolingo-review-guide-learning-language-2018-1|access-date=2020-01-21|website=Business Insider}}</ref>
 
===Use in schools===
 
Duolingo provides "Duolingo for Schools" with features designed to allow teachers to track students' progress. In 2012 an effectiveness study concluded that Duolingo usage for Spanish study was more effective than classroom language-learning alone, but that Duolingo was less effective for advanced language-learners.<ref>{{Cite web|last=VESSELINOV|first=ROUMEN|date=December 2012|title=Duolingo Effectiveness Study|url=http://static.duolingo.com/s3/DuolingoReport_Final.pdf|access-date=30 May 2018|website=Duolingo.com}}</ref> One proposed reason for this is that the [[Grammar–translation method|grammar-translation]] method that Duolingo primarily uses is more applicable to simple words and phrases than to complex ones; simpler ones can translate in a more exact manner from one language to another and thus are more conducive to Duolingo's [[Grammar–translation method|grammar-translation]] method.<ref>
{{cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Heba|date=15 June 2016|title=Duolingo as a Bilingual Learning App: a Case Study|url=http://awej.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=930:heba-bahjet-essa-ahmed&catid=66&Itemid=168|journal=Arab World English Journal|volume=7|issue=2|pages=255–267|doi=10.24093/awej/vol7no2.17|issn=2229-9327|doi-access=free}}
</ref>
 
===Incubator===
Duolingo Incubator<ref>[https://incubator.duolingo.com/ Duolingo Incubator]</ref> is a platform where volunteers can participate and contribute to create new language courses for Duolingo. Volunteers willing to participate must be a registered Duolingo user and has to go through the application process before contributing to a particular course they are interested in. This initiative allowed Duolingo to create more courses hence increasing their community in order to reach the maximum potential of the language learners.
 
==Business model==
Most language-learning features in Duolingo are free of charge, but it has periodic advertising in both its mobile and web browser applications,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duolingo.com/comment/15479130|title=Duolingo: Learn Spanish, French and other languages for free|website=duolingo.com|language=en|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Crowdsourcing Capitalists: How Duolingo's Founders Offered Free Education To Millions|url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/01/22/crowdsourcing-capitalists-how-duolingos-founders-offered-free-education-to-millions/|website = Forbes|access-date =22 December 2015}}</ref> which users can remove by paying a subscription fee. This feature, ‘Duolingo Plus’, includes benefits such as unlimited hearts, level skipping, and progress quizzes. It originally employed a [[Crowdsourcing|crowd sourced]] business model, where the content came from organizations (such as [[CNN]] and [[BuzzFeed]]) that paid Duolingo to translate it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Simonite |first=Tom |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/506656/the-cleverest-business-model-in-online-education/ |title= The Cleverest Business Model in Online Education |publisher= Technology review |date=29 November 2012|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
 
==Infrastructure==
Duolingo utilizes many services in the [[Amazon Web Services]] suite of products, including [[Amazon DynamoDB]], [[Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]], nearly 200 virtual instances in [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] (EC2), [[Amazon Simple Storage Service]] (S3) and [[Amazon Relational Database Service]] (RDS).<ref name="aws.amazon.com">{{cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/duolingo/|title=AWS Case Study: Duolingo|work=Web Services|publisher=Amazon|access-date=28 March 2015}}</ref> The server backend is written in the programming language [[Python (programming language)|Python]].{{better source|date=August 2019}} A component called the Session Generator was rewritten in [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]] by 2017.<ref name="making.duolingo.com" /> The frontend was written in [[Backbone.js]] and [[Mustache (template system)|Mustache]] but is now primarily in React and Redux. Duolingo provides a [[Single-page application|single-page web application]] for desktop computer users and also smart phone applications on [[Android (operating system)|Android]] (both [[Google Play Store]] and [[Amazon Appstore]]), [[iOS App Store]] and [[Windows Phone]] platforms. 20% of traffic comes from desktop users and 80% from mobile app users.<ref name="aws.amazon.com" />
 
==Recognition and awards==
In 2013, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] chose Duolingo as its [[iPhone]] App of the Year, the first time this honor had been awarded to an educational application.<ref name="gigaom">{{cite web|url=http://gigaom.com/2013/12/17/duolingo-snags-iphone-app-of-the-year/|title=Duolingo snags iPhone App of the Year|date=17 December 2013|publisher=Gigaom|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> Duolingo won Best Education Startup at the 2014 [[Crunchies]],<ref name="duolingo.com" /> and was the most downloaded app in the Education category in [[Google Play]] in 2013 and 2014.<ref name="TNW">{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2014/12/11/google-play-remembers-year-entertainment/|title=Google Play reveals the most downloaded apps, games and entertainment content from 2014|date=11 December 2014|publisher=The Next Web|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> In 2015, Duolingo was announced the 2015 award winner in Play & Learning category by Design to Improve Life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.designtoimprovelife.dk/duolingo-index-award-2015-winner-play-learning-category/|title=Duolingo-Index: Award 2015 Winner (Play & Learning Category)|date=27 August 2015|website=Design to Improve Life|publisher=Design to Improve Life|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505004458/https://designtoimprovelife.dk/duolingo-index-award-2015-winner-play-learning-category/|archive-date=5 May 2016|access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref>
 
Duolingo was named No. 44 on [[Fast Company]]'s "The World's 50 Most Innovative Companies" list in 2018 "for making new languages irresistible".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2018|title=The World's 50 Most Innovative Companies of 2018|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> No. 2 on [[Fast Company]]'s "The World's Most Innovative Companies: Education Honorees" in 2018 "for making a new language irresistible",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2018/sectors/education|title=The World's Most Innovative Companies 2018: Education Honorees|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> and No. 2 on [[Fast Company]]'s "The World's Most Innovative Companies: Education Honorees" in 2017 "for letting friends compare notes as they learn a new language".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2017/sectors/education|title=The World's Most Innovative Companies 2017: Education Honorees|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> No. 6 on [[Fast Company]]'s "The World's Most Innovative Companies: Social Media Honorees" in 2017 "for letting friends compare notes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2017/sectors/social-media|title=The World's Most Innovative Companies 2017: Social Media Honorees|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> No. 7 on [[Fast Company]]'s "The World's Most Innovative Companies: Education Honorees" in 2013 "for crowdsourcing web translation by turning it into a free language-learning program".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2013/sectors/education|title=The World's Most Innovative Companies 2013: Education Honorees|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref>
 
Duolingo won [[Inc. (magazine)|Inc. magazine's]] Best Workplaces 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/profile/duolingo|title=Duolingo|website=Inc.com|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> [[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur magazine's]] Top Company Culture List 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/top-company-culture|title=Top Company Cultures of 2018|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> and appeared in [[CNBC]]'s 2018 and 2019 "Disruptor 50" lists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/22/duolingo-2018-disruptor-50.html|title=2018 Disruptor 50: No. 35 Duolingo|last=staff|first=CNBC.com|date=22 May 2018|work=CNBC|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/14/duolingo-2019-disruptor-50.html|title=Duolingo: 2019 Disruptor 50 List|website=CNBC|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/duolingo-names-gillian-munson-to-board-of-directors-300931393.html|title=Duolingo Names Gillian Munson to Board of Directors|last=Duolingo|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> TIME Magazine's 50 Genius Companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/collection/genius-companies-2018/5412500/duolingo/|title=Duolingo: The 50 Most Genius Companies of 2018|website=Time|language=en-us|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Duolingo was named one of Forbes's "Next Billion-Dollar Startups 2019".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyfeldman/2019/07/16/next-billion-dollar-startups-2019/|title=Next Billion-Dollar Startups 2019|last=Feldman|first=Amy|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref>
 
==Criticism==
Duolingo has received criticism for its lack of effectiveness in helping students to fully learn a language. Duolingo's CEO, Luis von Ahn, promises only to get users to a level between advanced beginner and early intermediate: "A significant portion of our users use it because it's fun and it's not a complete waste of time". After six months of studying French with Duolingo, von Ahn demonstrated a lack of basic [[verb tense]]s when asked to describe his weekend in French, "mangling his tenses." Bob Meese, Duolingo's [[chief revenue officer]], did not immediately understand the spoken question "{{lang|es|¿Hablas español?}}" after six months of Duolingo Spanish study.<ref name="Forbes2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2019/07/16/game-of-tongues-how-duolingo-built-a-700-million-business-with-its-addictive-language-learning-app/|title=Game of Tongues: How Duolingo Built A $700 Million Business With Its Addictive Language-Learning App|first=Susan|last=Adams|website=Forbes|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>
 
Language coach and podcaster Kersten Cable has criticized the app for "its impractical vocabulary, its insistence upon one acceptable translation per sentence prompt, and its lack of explanation for incorrect answers",<ref name="Does Duolingo Even Work">{{cite web |last1=Heaney |first1=Katie |title=Does Duolingo Even Work |url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/01/does-duolingo-even-work.html |access-date=28 October 2020 |date=9 July 2019}}</ref> describing Duolingo's method as "you learn by parroting phrases without even beginning to cover the background stories that grammar and pragmatics tell."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cable |first1=Kersten |title=It's a free app loved by millions. Is Duolingo wasting your time? |url=https://www.fluentlanguage.co.uk/blog/duolingo-review-fluentlanguage |website=Fluentlanguage |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> Linguist Steven Sacco at [[San Diego State University]] attempted to test Duolingo's claim of "34 hours of Duolingo are equivalent to a full university semester of language education"<ref>{{cite web |title=Are there official studies about Duolingo? |url=https://support.duolingo.com/hc/en-us/articles/115000035183-Are-there-official-studies-about-Duolingo- |website=Duolingo Help Center |publisher=Duolingo |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> by completing a course in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and taking a standardized elementary exam ultimately receiving a failing grade.<ref name="Does Duolingo Even Work" /> Sacco suggested some use for Duolingo as helpful for learning vocabulary only in addition to immersion environments like a classroom.<ref name="Does Duolingo Even Work" /> Both Sacco and Cable added that Duolingo's [[Grammar-translation method|translation method]] of teaching is ultimately inferior to [[Language immersion|learning a language in an immersion environment]].
 
== In popular culture ==
Duolingo's mascot, a green cartoon owl named Duo, has been a subject of an [[Internet meme]] in which the mascot will stalk and threaten users if they do not keep using the app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Sage|title=The Duolingo owl is out for vengeance in these threatening memes|url=https://mashable.com/article/duolingo-owl-memes/|access-date=2019-06-07|website=Mashable|language=en}}</ref> Acknowledging the meme, Duolingo released a video on April 1, 2019; the video depicts a new feature called "Duolingo Push". In the video, users of "Duolingo Push" will receive reminders to use the app in person by Duo himself, who stares at users and follows them around until they use the app (in the video, Duo is depicted by a person in a large [[Costumed character|mascot costume]]).<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wc83qX6oNM|title=Introducing Duolingo Push|date=2019-03-31|publisher=Duolingo|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Duolingo Took over the Meme World and What Marketers Can Learn from It|url=https://www.rypl.io/post/what-is-the-duolingo-meme-craze-and-what-marketers-can-learn-from-it|access-date=2019-06-07|website=rypl.io}}</ref>
 
In November 2019, ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' parodied Duolingo in a skit where adults learned to communicate with children using a fictitious course on the app titled "Duolingo for Talking to Children".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Madasyn|date=November 5, 2019|title=Pittsburgh-based Duolingo a fan of talk-to-kids 'SNL' sketch|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|url=https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/pittsburgh-based-duolingo-a-fan-of-snls-talk-to-kids-skit/}}</ref>
مجلوبة من «https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/مستخدم:Mohamed_Belgazem/ملعب»