دراسة الأحداث البيولوجية: الفرق بين النسختين
| [نسخة منشورة] | [نسخة منشورة] |
تم حذف المحتوى تمت إضافة المحتوى
ط بوت:إصلاح رابط (1) |
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سطر 8:
| سنة = 2007
| عنوان= سجلات حصاد العنب كبديل لسجلات الحرارة من نيسان إلى آب في سويسرا
| مسار =
| تاريخ الوصول = 2007-12-25
| ناشر= [[جامعة برن]]
سطر 22:
| صفحات= L20705
| doi = 10.1029/2007GL031381
| مسار =
| اقتباس = Phenological grape harvest observations in Switzerland over the last 500 years have been used as a proxy indicator for reconstructing past temperature variability.
| العدد = 20
سطر 59:
The English naturalists [[غيلبرت وايت]] and [[William Markwick]] reported the seasonal events of more than 400 plant and animal species, Gilbert White in [[سلبورن]], Hampshire and William Markwick in [[Battle, Sussex]] over a 25-year period between 1768 and 1793. The data, reported in White's ''[[Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne]]''<ref name=white>White, G (1789) [[The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne]]</ref> are reported as the earliest and latest dates for each event over 25 years; so annual changes cannot therefore be determined.
In Japan and China the time of blossoming of cherry and peach trees is associated with ancient festivals and some of these dates can be traced back to the eighth century. Such historical records may, in principle, be capable of providing estimates of climate at dates before instrumental records became available. For example, records of the harvest dates of the [[pinot noir]] [[عنب]] in [[برغونية|منطقة بورغندي]] have been used in an attempt to reconstruct spring–summer temperatures from 1370 to 2003;<ref name=Chuine>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة| الأخير1 = Chuine | الأول1 = I. | الأخير2 = Yiou | الأول2 = P. | الأخير3 = Viovy | الأول3 = N. | الأخير4 = Seguin | الأول4 = B. | الأخير5 = Daux | الأول5 = V. | last6 = Le Roy | first6 = Ladurie | سنة = 2004 | عنوان = Grape ripening as a past climate indicator | مسار = http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/fe/pdf/2004_Nature_432_289_290.pdf | تنسيق = PDF | صحيفة = Nature | المجلد = 432 | العدد = 7015| صفحات = 289–290 | doi = 10.1038/432289a | pmid = 15549085 |bibcode = 2004Natur.432..289C |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516044139/http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/fe/pdf/2004_Nature_432_289_290.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=2006-05-16}}</ref><ref name=Keenan2007>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة| الأخير1 = Keenan | الأول1 = D.J. | سنة = 2007 | عنوان = Grape harvest dates are poor indicators of summer warmth | مسار =
== السجلات الحديثة ==
سطر 83:
The evolution of the vegetation index through time, depicted by the graph above, exhibits a strong [[ارتباط (إحصاء)]] with the typical green vegetation growth stages (emergence, vigor/growth, maturity, and harvest/senescence). These temporal curves are analyzed to extract useful parameters about the vegetation growing season (start of season, end of season, length of [[موسم زراعة]], etc.). Other growing season [[وسيط (رياضيات)]]s could potentially be extracted, and global maps of any of these growing season parameters could then be constructed and used in all sorts of [[تغير المناخ]] studies.
A noteworthy example of the use of [[استشعار عن بعد]] based phenology is the work of Ranga Myneni<ref>[http://cybele.bu.edu/people/rmyneni.html Welcome to the Climate and Vegetation Research Group, Boston University<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621100232/http://cybele.bu.edu/people/rmyneni.html |date=21 يونيو 2017}}</ref> from [[جامعة بوسطن]]. This work<ref name=Myeni>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة| الأخير1 = Myneni | الأول1 = RB | الأخير2 = Keeling | الأول2 = CD | الأخير3 = Tucker | الأول3 = CJ | الأخير4 = Asrar | الأول4 = G | الأخير5 = Nemani | الأول5 = RR | سنة = 1997 | عنوان = Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991 | مسار = | صحيفة = Nature | المجلد = 386 | العدد =6626 | صفحة = 698 |doi=10.1038/386698a0|bibcode = 1997Natur.386..698M}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v386/n6626/abs/386698a0.html Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513224237/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v386/n6626/abs/386698a0.html |date=13 مايو 2017}}</ref> showed an apparent increase in vegetation productivity that most likely resulted from the increase in temperature and lengthening of the growing season in the [[تايغا]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070407143112/http://cliveg.bu.edu/people/rmyneni/portal.cgi.html ISI Web of Knowledge [v3.0]<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Another example based on the [[MODIS]] enhanced vegetation index ([[EVI]]) reported by Alfredo Huete<ref>[http://tbrs.arizona.edu/cdrom/People/WhosWho.html Tbrs, Modis Vi Cd-Rom<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915100025/http://tbrs.arizona.edu/cdrom/People/WhosWho.html |date=15 سبتمبر 2006}}</ref> at [[جامعة أريزونا]] and colleagues showed that the [[غابة الأمازون|غابات الأمازون]], as opposed to the long held view of a monotonous growing season or growth only during the wet rainy season, does in fact exhibit growth spurts during the dry season.<ref name=Huete>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة| صحيفة = Geophysical Research Letters |المجلد=33 |صفحات= L06405 | مسار=
However, these phenological parameters are only an approximation of the true biological growth stages. This is mainly due to the limitation of current space based remote sensing, especially the spatial resolution, and the nature of vegetation index. A pixel in an image does not contain a pure target (like a tree, a shrub, etc.) but contains a mixture of whatever intersected the sensor's field of view.
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