ليبرالية: الفرق بين النسختين

'''الليبرالية''' هي [[فلسفة السياسة|فلسفة سياسية]] أو رأي سائد تأسست على أفكار ال[[حرية]] و[[مساواتية|المساواة]].<ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Russell|2000|pp=577–8}}.</ref><ref>With a nod to [[روبرت تريفيرس]]' definition of altruistic behavior ({{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Trivers|1971|p=35}}), [[Satoshi Kanazawa]] defines liberalism (as opposed to conservatism) as "the genuine concern for the welfare of genetically unrelated others and the willingness to contribute larger proportions of private resources for the welfare of such others" ({{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Kanazawa|2010|p=38}}).</ref> وتشدد [[ليبرالية كلاسيكية|الليبرالية الكلاسيكية]] على الحرية في حين أن المبدأ الثاني وهو [[المساواة]] يتجلى بشكل أكثر وضوحاً في [[ليبرالية اجتماعية|الليبرالية الاجتماعية]].<ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Young|2002|p=39}}.</ref> يتبنى الليبراليون مجموعة واسعة من الآراء تبعاً لفهمهم لهذين المبدأين، ولكن يدعم الليبراليون بصفة عامة أفكاراً مثل [[حرية التعبير]]، [[حرية الصحافة|وحرية الصحافة]]، [[حرية الاعتقاد|والحرية الدينية]] ، [[سوق حر|والسوق الحر]]، [[حقوق مدنية|والحقوق المدنية]]، [[ديمقراطية|والمجتمعات الديمقراطية]]، [[علمانية|والحكومات العلمانية]] و[[أممية (سياسة)|مبدأ الأممية]].<ref name="LInternational">{{مرجع ويب|المسار=https://liberal-international.org/who-we-are/our-mission/landmark-documents/political-manifestos/oxford-manifesto-1997/|العنوان= The Liberal Agenda for the 21st Century|تاريخ الوصول=13 أكتوبر 2015| مسار الأرشيف = http://web.archive.org/web/20190319125637/https://liberal-international.org/who-we-are/our-mission/landmark-documents/political-manifestos/oxford-manifesto-1997/ | تاريخ الأرشيف = 19 مارس 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Nader Hashemi">{{مرجع كتاب|المسار=https://books.google.com/?id=UkVIYjezrF0C&dq=liberalism+secularism|المؤلف=Nader Hashemi|العنوان=Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy: Toward a Democratic Theory for Muslim Societies|الناشر=[[مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد]]|quote=Liberal democracy requires a form of secularism to sustain itself|date=11 March 2009|الرقم المعياري=9780199717514}}</ref><ref name="Kathleen G. Donohue">{{مرجع كتاب|المسار=https://books.google.com/?id=htuTnexZAo8C&pg=PA1&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion&f=false|المؤلف=Kathleen G. Donohue|العنوان=Freedom from Want: American Liberalism and the Idea of the Consumer (New Studies in American Intellectual and Cultural History)|الناشر=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|quote=Three of them – freedom from fear, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion – have long been fundamental to liberalism.|تاريخ الوصول=31 December 2007|الرقم المعياري=9780801874260|date=19 December 2003}}</ref><ref name="The Economist">{{مرجع كتاب|المسار=https://books.google.com/?id=KBzHAAAAIAAJ&q=liberalism+freedom+of+religion&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion|العنوان=The Economist, Volume 341, Issues 7995-7997|الناشر=[[ذي إيكونوميست]]|quote=For all three share a belief in the liberal society as defined above: a society that provides constitutional government (rule by law, not by men) and freedom of religion, thought, expression and economic interaction; a society in which ...|تاريخ الوصول=31 December 2007|السنة=1996}}</ref><ref name="Sheldon S. Wolin">{{مرجع كتاب|المسار=https://books.google.com/?id=ndAdGl8ScfcC&pg=PA525&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion&f=false|المؤلف=Sehldon S. Wolin|العنوان=Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought|الناشر=[[دار نشر جامعة برنستون]]|quote=While liberalism practically disappeared as a publicly professed ideology, it retained a virtual monopoly in the ... The most frequently cited rights included freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, property, and procedural rights|تاريخ الوصول=31 December 2007|الرقم المعياري=9780691119779|السنة=2004}}</ref><ref name="Edwin Brown Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, John Woodland Welch">{{مرجع كتاب|المسار=https://books.google.com/?id=mQJgnEITPRIC&pg=PA366&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion&f=false|المؤلف=Edwin Brown Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, John Woodland Welch|العنوان=Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives|الناشر=[[Eisenbrauns]]|quote=There is no need to expound the foundations and principles of modern liberalism, which emphasises the values of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion|تاريخ الوصول=31 December 2007|الرقم المعياري=9780931464393|السنة=1990}}</ref><ref name="John Joseph Lalor">{{مرجع كتاب|المسار=https://books.google.com/?id=Xsk6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA760&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion&f=false|المؤلف=John Joseph Lalor|العنوان=Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States|الناشر=Nabu Press|quote=Democracy attaches itself to a form of government: liberalism, to liberty and guarantees of liberty. The two may agree; they are not contradictory, but they are neither identical, nor necessarily connected. In the moral order, liberalism is the liberty to think, recognised and practiced. This is primordial liberalism, as the liberty to think is itself the first and noblest of liberties. Man would not be free in any degree or in any sphere of action, if he were not a thinking being endowed with consciousness. The freedom of worship, the freedom of education, and the freedom of the press are derived the most directly from the freedom to think.|تاريخ الوصول=31 ديسمبر 2007|السنة=1883}}</ref>