ساميون: الفرق بين النسختين

'''الساميون''' ("[[سام]]" من [[الكتاب المقدس]]، [[لغة عبرية|بالعبرية]]: שם) هو مصطلح يصف أي مجموعة أثنية أو ثقافية أو عرقية تتحدث [[لغات سامية|باللغات السامية]].{{sfn|Liverani1995|p=392|ps=: "A more critical look at this complex of problems should advise employing today the term and the concept "Semites" exclusively in its linguistic sense, and, on the other hand, tracing back every cultural fact to its concrete historical environment. The use of the term "Semitic" in culture, subject as it is to arbitrary simplifications, shows methodological risks which exceed by far the possibility of positive historical analysis. In any case the Semitic character of every cultural fact is a problem which in each situation must be ascenained in its limits and in its historical setting (both in time and in the social environment), and may not be assumed as obvious or traced back to a presumed "Proto-Semitic" culture, statically conceived."}}<ref name=Lutz>[http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:635252/FULLTEXT02.pdf On the use of the terms “(anti-)Semitic” and “(anti-) Zionist” in modern Middle Eastern discourse, Orientalia Suecana LXI Suppl. (2012)] by [http://www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/people/aca/lutze/ Lutz Eberhard Edzard]: "In linguistics context, the term “Semitic” is generally speaking non-controversial... As an ethnic term, “Semitic” should best be avoided these days, in spite of ongoing genetic research (which also is supported by the Israeli scholarly community itself) that tries to scientifically underpin such a concept." {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171011180806/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:635252/FULLTEXT02.pdf |date=11 أكتوبر 2017}}</ref><ref name=Pope>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1525/aa.1965.67.4.02a00420/asset/aa.1965.67.4.02a00420.pdf?v=1&t=i4bw857p&s=4831143fafc516caded9a9a9bc60d5e350edbcde Review of "The Canaanites" (1964)] by [http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/21/arts/marvin-pope-80-professor-and-authority-on-ancient-ugarit.html Marvin Pope]: "The term “Semitic,” coined by Schlozer in 1781, should be strictly limited to linguistic matters since this is the only area in which a degree of objectivity is attainable. The Semitic languages comprise a fairly distinct linguistic family, a fact appreciated long before the relationship of the Indo-European languages was recognized. The ethnography and ethnology of the various peoples who spoke or still speak Semitic languages or dialects is a much more mixed and confused matter and one over which we have little scientific control." {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171228160458/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/21/arts/marvin-pope-80-professor-and-authority-on-ancient-ugarit.html |date=28 ديسمبر 2017}}</ref><ref name="GlöcknerFireberg2015">{{مرجع كتاب|الأخير1=Glöckner|الأول1=Olaf|الأخير2=Fireberg|الأول2=Haim|العنوان=Being Jewish in 21st-Century Germany|المسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ2nCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|date=25 September 2015|الناشر=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-035015-9|الصفحة=200|quote=...there is no Semitic ethnicity, only Semitic languages}}</ref> وقد استخدم المصطلح لأول مرة في العقد 1770 من أعضاء [[مدرسة غوتنغن للتاريخ]] والذين اشتقوه من [[سام]] واحد من أبناء نوح الثلاثة في [[سفر التكوين]].<ref>{{مرجع كتاب|الأول=Martin|الأخير=Baasten|chapter=A Note on the History of 'Semitic'|p=57–73|العنوان=Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday|الناشر=Peeters Publishers|السنة=2003|isbn=9789042912151|المسار=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oIIvqaVaLacC&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}}</ref>

على أي حال، في [[علم الآثار]]، يُستخدم هذا المصطلح بشكل غير رسمي ليشير إلى"نوع من الروابط" التي جمعت الشعوب القديمة المتحدثة [[لغات سامية|باللغات السامية]].<ref name=Lewis>{{مرجع كتاب|عنوان=Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice|الناشر=W W Norton & Co Inc|التاريخ=1987|isbn=978-0393304206|مسار=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/who-are-the-semites/#|الأول=Bernard|الأخير=Lewis

 

== التسمية ==