كرد: الفرق بين النسختين

{{وضح|3=كرد (توضيح)}}

{{الكرد}}

* Michael G. Morony, "Iraq After the Muslim Conquest", Gorgias Press LLC, 2005. pg 265: "Kurds were the only smaller ethnic group native to Iraq. As with the Persians, their presence along the northeastern edge of Iraq was merely an extension of their presence in Western Iran. All of the non-Persian, tribal, pastoral, Iranian groups in the foothills and the mountains of the Zagros range along the eastern fringes of Iraq were called Kurds at that time."</ref><ref>G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp.1-58, 2009: "The ancient history of the Kurds, as in case of many other Iranian ethnic groups (Baluchis, etc.), can be reconstructed but in a very tentative and abstract form"</ref><ref>Michael G. Morony, "Iraq After the Muslim Conquest", Gorgias Press LLC, 2005. pg 265: "Kurds were only small ethnic group native to Iraq. As with the Persians, their presence along the northeastern edge of Iraq was merely an extension of their presence in Western Iran. All of the non-Persian, tribal, pastoral, Iranian groups in the foothills and the mountains of the Zagros range along the eastern fringes of Iraq were called Kurd at that time.</ref><ref>E. J. van Donzel, "Islamic desk reference ", BRILL, 1994. ISBN 90-04-09738-4. pg 222: "Kurds/Kurdistan: the Kurds are an Iranian people who live mainly at the junction of more or less laicised Turkey, Shi'i Iran, Arab Sunni Iraq and North Syria and the former Soviet Transcaucasia. Several dynasties, such as the Marwanids of Diyarbakir, the Ayyubids, the Shaddadis and possibly the Safawids, as well as prominent personalities, were of Kurdish origin.</ref><ref>John Limbert, ''The Origins and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran'', Iranian Studies, Vol.1, No.2, Spring 1968, pp.41-51. p.41: "In these last areas, the historic road from Baghdad to Hamadan and beyond divides the Kurds from their Iranian cousins, the Lurs."</ref><ref>RUSSELL, JR 1990 « Pre-Christian Armenian Religion*, dans Aufstieg und Nieder- gang der Romischen Welt, II, 18.4, p. 2679-2692, Berlin-New York, 1990., pg 2691: "A study of the pre-Islamic religion of the Kurds, an Iranian people who inhabited southern parts of Armenia from ancient times to present, has yet to be written"</ref><ref>Discoveries from Kurdish Looms by [[Robert D. Biggs]], Mary and Leigh Block Gallery, Northwestern University, 1983, p.9 [http://books.google.com/books?id=JCHrAAAAMAAJ&q="Ethnically+the+Kurds+are+an+Iranian+people"&dq="Ethnically+the+Kurds+are+an+Iranian+people"&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QitmT8WFEKOciQL21ISjDw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA "Ethnically the Kurds are an Iranian people"] {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150320200456/http://books.google.com/books?id=JCHrAAAAMAAJ&q= |date=20 مارس 2015}}</ref>. يوجد الأكراد - بالإضافة إلى هذه المناطق - بأعداد قليلة في جنوب غرب [[أرمينيا]] وبعض مناطق [[أذربيجان]] و[[لبنان]]. يعد الأكراد أكبر قومية لا تملك دولة مستقلة أو كياناً سياسياً موحداً معترفاً به عالمياً<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.almayadeen.net/episodes/837417/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A|title=الشعب الكردي|language=ar|accessdate=2018-08-14}}</ref>. وهناك الكثير من الجدل حول الشعب الكردي ابتداءً من منشأهم، وامتداداً إلى تاريخهم، وحتى مستقبلهم السياسي. وقد ازداد هذا الجدل التاريخي حدة في السنوات الأخيرة وخاصة بعد التغيرات التي طرأت على واقع الأكراد في [[العراق]] عقب [[حرب الخليج الثانية]]، وتشكيل الولايات المتحدة [[منطقة حظر الطيران|لمنطقة حظر الطيران]] التي أدت إلى نشأة كيان [[كردستان العراق|إقليم كردستان في شمال العراق]].

 

 

=== أصل التسمية ===

في الوثائق الفارسية الوسطى مصطلح "الكردي" ببساطة يشير للبداوة ولساكني الخيم ويمكن تعميم هذ المصطلح على أي مجموعة عرقية إيرانية لها صفات مماثلة.<ref>G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp. 1–58, 2009. Excerpt: "It is clear that kurt in all the contexts has a distinct social sense, "nomad, tent-dweller"."The Pahlavi materials clearly show that kurd in pre-Islamic Iran was a social label, still a long way off from becoming an ethnonym or a term denoting a distinct group of people"</ref> وفي المصادر الإسلامية المبكرة الفارسية والعربية أصبح مصطلح كردي مرادفا لخليط من القبائل البدوية الإيرانية و القبائل والمجموعات المتأيرنة(Iranicized) <ref>Wladimir Iwanov:"The term Kurd in the middle ages was applied to all nomads of Iranian origin".(Wladimir Ivanon, "The Gabrdi dialect spoken by the Zoroastrians of Persia", Published by G. Bardim 1940. pg 42)</ref><ref>David Mackenzie: "If we take a leap forward to the Arab conquest we find that the name Kurd has taken a new meaning becoming practically synonymous with 'nomad', if nothing more pejorative" D.N. Mackenzie, "The Origin of Kurdish", Transactions of Philological Society, 1961, pp 68–86.</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'' "We thus find that about the period of the Arab conquest a single ethnic term Kurd (plur. Akrād ) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation of Iranian or iranicised tribes.", "Kurds" in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. accessed 2007.</ref> بدون أي صلة بأي للغة إيرانية.<ref name="MartinIdentity"/>