دراسة الأحداث البيولوجية: الفرق بين النسختين

The [[North American Bird Phenology Program]] at USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC) is in possession of a collection of millions of bird arrival and departure date records for over 870 species across North America, dating between 1880 and 1970. This program, originally started by Wells W. Cooke, involved over 3,000 observers including many notable naturalists of the time. The program ran for 90 years and came to a close in 1970 when other programs starting up at PWRC took precedent. The program was again started in 2009 to digitize the collection of records and now with the help of citizens worldwide, each record is being transcribed into a database which will be publicly accessible for use.

 

 

In Japan and China the time of blossoming of cherry and peach trees is associated with ancient festivals and some of these dates can be traced back to the eighth century. Such historical records may, in principle, be capable of providing estimates of climate at dates before instrumental records became available. For example, records of the harvest dates of the [[pinot noir]] [[عنب]] in [[منطقة بورغندي]] have been used in an attempt to reconstruct spring–summer temperatures from 1370 to 2003;<ref name=Chuine>{{Cite journal| الأخير1 = Chuine | الأول1 = I. | الأخير2 = Yiou | الأول2 = P. | الأخير3 = Viovy | الأول3 = N. | الأخير4 = Seguin | الأول4 = B. | الأخير5 = Daux | الأول5 = V. | last6 = Le Roy | first6 = Ladurie | السنة = 2004 | العنوان = Grape ripening as a past climate indicator | المسار = http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/fe/pdf/2004_Nature_432_289_290.pdf | التنسيق = PDF | journal = Nature | volume = 432 | issue = 7015| الصفحات = 289–290 | doi = 10.1038/432289a | pmid = 15549085 |bibcode = 2004Natur.432..289C |مسار الأرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20060516044139/http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/fe/pdf/2004_Nature_432_289_290.pdf|تاريخ الأرشيف=2006-05-16}}</ref><ref name=Keenan2007>{{Cite journal| الأخير1 = Keenan | الأول1 = D.J. | السنة = 2007 | العنوان = Grape harvest dates are poor indicators of summer warmth | المسار = http://www.informath.org/pubs/TAC06a.pdf | التنسيق = PDF | journal = Theoretical and Applied Climatology | volume = 87 | issue = | الصفحات = 255–256 | doi = 10.1007/s00704-006-0197-9 |bibcode = 2007ThApC..87..255K}}</ref> the reconstructed values during 1787–2000 have a correlation with Paris instrumental data of about 0.75.