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تيه: الفرق بين النسختين

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[[ملف:David Roberts-IsraelitesLeavingEgypt 1828.jpg|thumb|300px|رحيل بنو إسرائيل-[[ديفيد روبرتس]] ([[1828]]).]]
 
'''التيه''' هو [[أسطورة الأصل]] [[بنو إسرائيل|لبني إسرائيل]].{{sfn|Sparks|2010|p=73}}{{efn|The name "exodus" is from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἔξοδος ''exodos'', "going out". For "myth" see Sparks, 2010, p. 73: "Charter (i.e., foundation) myths tell the story of a society's origins, and, in doing so, provide the ideological foundations for the culture and its institutions."{{sfn|Sparks|2010|p=73}}}} موزعة على كل من [[سفر الخروج]]، [[سفر اللاويين]]، [[سفر العدد]] و<nowiki/>[[سفر التثنية]]، تحكي عن الاستعباد الذي أصاب بني إسرائيل في مصر، تحريرهم على يد [[يهوه (إله اليهود)|يهوه]] والوحي في [[شبه جزيرة سيناء|سيناء]]، والتيه في البرية إلى حدود [[كنعانيون|كنعان]]، الأرض التي أعطاها إياهم إلههم.{{sfn|Redmount|2001|p=59}} رسالتها هي أن إسرائيل حررت من العبودية من قبل يهوه وبالتالي تنتمي إليه من خلال العهد الموسوي، الشروط التي منها أن يهوه سيعمل على حماية شعبه المختار في جميع الأوقات، طالما أنهم سوف يحافظون على القوانين ولا يعبدون إلا هو.{{sfn|Sparks|2010|p=73}}{{sfn|Bandstra|2008|p=28-29}} السرد وقوانينها تبقى مركزية في [[يهودية|اليهودية]]، وتروى يوميا في [[قائمة الصلوات اليهودية|الصلوات اليهودية]] والمهرجانات مثل [[عيد الفصح اليهودي]]، وكذلك بمثابة مصدر إلهام ونموذج لغير الجماعات اليهودية، من البروتستانت الفارين من الاضطهاد في أوروبا إلى الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي الساعين من أجل الحرية والحقوق المدنية.{{sfn|Tigay|2004|p=107}}
'''التيه''' يرجع هذا المسمى بسبب التيه الذي كتبه [[الله (إسلام)|الله]] على [[بنو إسرائيل]] بعد رفضهم لقتال القبائل الكنعانية التي كانت تسكن المدينة المقدسة في [[فلسطين]] وكانت مدة التيه 40 عاما مات فيها نبى الله [[موسى]] وانتهى بعد تربية جيل جديد يستطيع القتال .<ref>[http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/thomas-romer/course-2014-02-27-14h00.htm L'oppression en Égypte], Chaire Milieux bibliques du [[كوليج دو فرانس]], 27 février 2014, 19 min 30 s. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180220033230/http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/thomas-romer/course-2014-02-27-14h00.htm |date=20 فبراير 2018}}</ref><ref>{{ouvrage|langue=en|auteur=[[Donald Redford]]|titre=Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times|éditeur=Princeton University Press|date=1992|passage=260|isbn=|lire en ligne=}}</ref><ref>{{ouvrage|auteur=Philippe Borgeaud|titre=Aux origines de l'histoire des religions|éditeur=Éditions du Seuil|date=2004|passage=97|isbn=|lire en ligne=}}</ref>
 
يمكن تتبع التقاليد الكامنة وراء قصة الخروج في كتابات أنبياء القرن الثامن قبل الميلاد، بعد ذلك تاريخهم محجوب بقرون من الانتقال.{{sfn|Lemche|1985|p=327}}{{sfn|Redmount|2001|p=63}} لا يوجد أساس تاريخي لقصة الخروج الموجودة في [[الكتاب المقدس]]؛{{sfn|Moore|Kelle|2011|p=81}} وبدلاً من ذلك، تشير أدلة علم الآثار إلى أصول [[كنعانيون|كنعانية]] أصلية لإسرائيل القديمة. {{sfn|Meyers|2005|pp=6–7}}
 
== القصة من القرآن ==
{{قرآن|5|21|5}}
 
== الدقة التاريخية ==
بعد قرن من البحث من قبل [[علم الآثار|علماء الآثار]] و<nowiki/>[[علم المصريات|المصريات]]{{sfn|Meyers|2005|p=5}} إجماع علماء العصر الحديث هو أن الكتاب المقدس لا يعطي وصفا دقيقا لأصول إسرائيل.{{sfn|Davies|2015|p=51}} لا يوجد دليل على أن [[بنو إسرائيل|بني إسرائيل]] عاشوا في [[مصر القديمة]]، [[شبه جزيرة سيناء]] لا تظهر تقريبا أي إشارة عن أي وجود لبني إسرائيل طوال الألفية الثانية قبل الميلاد بالكامل (حتى Kadesh-Barnea، حيث من المفترض أن بني إسرائيل قد قضوا 38 عاما، كانت غير مأهولة قبل إنشاء الملكية الإسرائيلية).{{sfn|Redmount|2001|p=77}} في ظل عدم وجود أدلة على الأسر في مصر والتيه في البرية، هناك على الجانب الآخر دلائل وافرة عن تطور إسرائيل في كنعان من جذور كنعانية أصلية.{{sfn|Barmash|2015b|p=4}}{{sfn|Shaw|2002|p=313}} في حين أن عدد قليل من العلماء يناقشون معقولية قصة الخروج،{{sfn|Moore|Kelle|2011|p=89}} التحقيق الأثري قد توقف بسبب كونه "سعيا عقيما".{{sfn|Dever|2001|p=99}}
 
التفاصيل تشير إلى تاريخ الألفية الأولى قبل الميلاد لتكوين السرد: Ezion-Geber (واحدة من محطات سفر الخروج)، على سبيل المثال، تعود إلى الفترة ما بين القرون 8 و 6 قبل الميلاد مع إمكانية مواصلة الإقامة في القرن 4 قبل الميلاد،{{sfn|Pratico|DiVito|1993|pp=1–32}} وكذلك أسماء الأماكن على طريق التيه التي تم تحديدها –مثل [[بر-رمسيس]] وقادش برنيع تشير إلى جغرافيا الألفية الأولى قبل الميلاد بدلا من الثانية.{{sfn|Van Seters|1997|pp=255ff}} وبالمثل، فإن خوف [[فرعون]] من أن [[بنو إسرائيل|الإسرائيليين]] قد تحالفوا مع الغزاة الأجانب يبدو من غير المحتمل في سياق أواخر الألفية الثانية عندما كانت [[كنعانيون|كنعان]] جزءا من [[المملكة المصرية الحديثة|الإمبراطورية المصرية]] ولم تواجه مصر أعداء في هذا الاتجاه، ولكن خوفه قد يكون مبررا في سياق الألفية الأولى قبل الميلاد، عندما كانت مصر أضعف بكثير وواجهت الغزو من [[أخمينيون|الإمبراطورية الأخمينية]] وفي وقت لاحق من [[سلوقيون|الإمبراطورية السلوقية]].{{sfn|Soggin|1998|pp=128–29}} ذكر [[جمل عربي|الجمل العربي]] في خروج 9:3 يشير أيضا إلى تاريخ لاحق – استئناس [[جمل|الإبل]] على نطاق واسع في قطعان يعتقد أنه لم يحدث قبل أواخر الألفية الثانية قبل الميلاد، بعد أن ظهر الإسرائيليون بالفعل في كنعان،{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2002|p=334}} ولم يصبح استئناسها على نطاق واسع في مصر حتى 200-100 قبل الميلاد.{{sfn|Faye|2013|p=3}}
 
== طالع أيضا ==
* [[نخل (سيناء)|نخل]]
 
== مراجع ==
== المراجع ==
 
=== الاستشهادات ===
{{مراجع}}
<references group=""></references>
 
=== بيبلوجرافيا ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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: {{cite book|last=Gmirkin|first=Russell E.|title=Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and The Date of the Pentateuch|year=2006|publisher=T & T Clark International|isbn=9780567025920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noKI6AsqnhMC|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Grabbe|first=Lester|editor1-last=Dozeman|editor1-first=Thomas|editor2-last=Evans|editor2-first=Craig A.|editor3-last=Lohr|editor3-first=Joel N.|title=The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation|chapter=Exodus and History|year=2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004282667|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TmGeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61&dq=%22primarily+Amos+and+Hosea%22%22middle+of+the+eighth+century%22#v=onepage&q=%22primarily%20Amos%20and%20Hosea%22%22middle%20of%20the%20eighth%20century%22&f=false|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Grisanti|first=Michael A.|title=The World and the Word|chapter=The Book of Numbers|editor1-last=Merrill|editor1-first=Eugene H.|editor2-last=Rooker|editor2-first=Mark|editor3-last=Grisanti|editor3-first=Michael A.|year=2011|publisher=B&H Publishing|isbn=9781433673740|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9iq5AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&dq=%22census+numbers+seem+to+be+impossible+and+un-historical%22#v=onepage&q=%22census%20numbers%20seem%20to%20be%20impossible%20and%20un-historical%22&f=false|ref=harv}}
: {{cite journal|url=http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_43.pdf|title=Tracing the Origin of the Sabbatical Calendar in the Priestly Narrative, Genesis 1 to Joshua 5|date=Spring 1980|journal=[[Journal of Hebrew Scriptures]]|publisher=|issue=13|year=|volume=5|pages=|ref=harv|first1=Philippe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211035026/http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_43.pdf|archivedate=December 11, 2005|deadurl=yes|last1=Guillaume}}
: {{cite book|last1=Hayes|first1=John Haralson|last2=Miller|first2=James Maxwell|title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah|year=1986|publisher=Westminster John Knox|isbn=9780664212629|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&pg=PA59|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Hoffmeier|first=James K.|title=Israel in Egypt|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195130881|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CT_lHTEcL6gC|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Hoffmeier|first=James K.|title=Ancient Israel in Sinai|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195155464|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMZnDgFxiTUC|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Killebrew|first=Anne E.|title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity|year=2005|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|isbn=9781589830974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&pg=PR11|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth|editor1-last=Rogerson|editor1-first=John William|editor2-last=Lieu|editor2-first=Judith|title=The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies|chapter=Egyptology and the traditions of early Hebrew antiquity (Genesis and Exodus)|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199254255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMkMeaijNT4C&pg=PA90|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Douglas A.|title=Old Testament Interpretation|chapter=Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomist|editor1-last=Mays|editor1-first=James Luther|editor2-last=Petersen|editor2-first=David L.|editor3-last=Richards|editor3-first=Kent Harold|year=1995|publisher=T&T Clark|isbn=9780567292896|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Lemche|first=Niels Peter|title=Early Israel: Anthropological and Historical studies|year=1985|publisher=Brill|isbn=9004078533|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crA3AAAAIAAJ|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Levinson|first=Bernard Malcolm|title=Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation|year=1997|publisher=OUP|isbn=9780195354577|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-GJFShHwzsC&pg=PA58|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Lichtheim|first=Miriam|title=Ancient Egyptian Literature: The Old and Middle Kingdoms|volume=1|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYwl40XfPhwC&pg=PA134|ref=harv|isbn=9780520248427}}
: {{cite book|last=McEntire|first=Mark|title=Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch|year=2008|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=9780881461015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwOs9f1FpmsC|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=McKenzie|first=Steven L.|title=Covenant|year=2000|publisher=Chalice Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wjATdNF3KC4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Merrill|first1=Eugene H.|last2=Rooker|first2=Michael A.|last3=Grisanti|first3=Mark F.|title=The World and the Word: An Introduction to the Old Testament|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SMJF-3jBfg4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2011|ref=harv|isbn=9780805440317}}
: {{cite book|last=Meyers|first=Carol|title=Exodus|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QHHITXsyskC&pg=PA5|ref=harv|isbn=9780521002912}}
: {{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Megan Bishop|last2=Kelle|first2=Brad E.|title=Biblical History and Israel's Past|year=2011|publisher=Eerdmans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA81|ref=harv|isbn=9780802862600}}
: {{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=William T.|title=The Book of Exodus: Question by Question|publisher=Paulist Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cFwyHDXVSvcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Book+of+Exodus:+Question+by+Question#v=onepage&q=The%20Book%20of%20Exodus%3A%20Question%20by%20Question&f=false|year=2009|ref=harv|isbn=9780809146123}}
: {{cite book|last=Noll|first=K.L.|title=Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction|year=2001|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|isbn=9781841273181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rnyjxLHy-QC&pg=PA15|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|first=Michael D.|last=Oblath|title=The Exodus Itinerary Sites: Their Locations from the Perspective of the Biblical Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&pg=PA21|year=2004|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-6716-0|page=21|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Perdue|first=Leo G.|title=The Sword and the Stylus: An Introduction to Wisdom in the Age of Empires|publisher=Eerdmans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJEuthTCjSgC&pg=PA22|year=2008|ref=harv|isbn=9780802862457}}
: {{cite book|ref=harv|first1=Gary Davis|last1=Pratico|first2=Robert A.|last2=DiVito|title=Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvBtAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Scholars Press|isbn=978-1-55540-883-1}}
: {{citation|url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865607432/Remembering-the-Exodus-2-both-ancient-and-modern.html|title=Remembering the Exodus — both ancient and modern|date=July 24, 2014|year=2014|ref=harv|newspaper=[[Deseret News]]|last=Peterson|first=Daniel}}
: {{cite book|last=Prosic|first=Tamara|title=The Development and Symbolism of Passover|year=2004|publisher=A&C Black|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVCvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|ref=harv|isbn=9780567287892}}
: {{cite book|last=Redford|first=Donald B.|title=Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9teGQgAACAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-03606-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Redmount|first=Carol A.|title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World|chapter=Bitter Lives: Israel In And Out of Egypt|editor-last=Coogan|editor-first=Michael D.|year=2001|orig-year=1998|publisher=OUP|isbn=9780199881482|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA59&dq=%22The+exodus+saga+in+the+bible%22#v=onepage&q=%22The%20exodus%20saga%20in%20the%20bible%22&f=false|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Rofé|first1=Alexander|title=Deuteronomy: Issues and Interpretation|year=2002|publisher=T&T Clark|isbn=9780567087546|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATDWInu5VCwC&pg=PR7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Rogerson|first=John W.|title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible|chapter=Deuteronomy|editor-last=Dunn|editor-first=James D. G.|year=2003|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=9780802837110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA153|ref=harv}}
: {{cite journal|url=http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf|title=Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity|date=2008|journal=The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures|publisher=JHS online|volume=8, article 15|pages=2–12|ref=harv|first1=Thomas|last1=Romer}}
: {{cite book|last=Russell|first=Stephen C.|title=Images of Egypt in Early Biblical Literature|year=2009|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110221718|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMISLh2ZC08C|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ryholt|first1=K. S. B.|last2=Bülow-Jacobsen|first2=Adam|title=The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANRi7cM5ZwsC|year=1997|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|isbn=978-87-7289-421-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Sarason|first=Richard S.|chapter=The Past as Paradigm:Enactments of the Exodus Motif in Jewish Liturgy|editor1-last=Barmash|editor1-first=Pamela|editor2-last=Nelson|editor2-first=W. David|title=Exodus in the Jewish Experience: Echoes and Reverberations|year=2015|publisher=Lexington|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jKYlCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Enactments+of+the+Exodus+Motif+in+Jewish+Liturgy%22#v=onepage&q=%22Enactments%20of%20the%20Exodus%20Motif%20in%20Jewish%20Liturgy%22&f=false|isbn=9781498502931|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Ian|editor1-last=Shaw|editor1-first=Ian|editor2-last=Jameson|editor2-first=Robert|title=A Dictionary of Archaeology|chapter=Israel, Israelites|year=2002|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=9780631235835|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA313|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Shea|first=William H.|editor1-last=Grisanti|editor1-first=Michael A.|editor2-last=Howard|editor2-first=David M.|title=Giving the Sense: Understanding and Using Old Testament Historical Texts|chapter=The Date of the Exodus|year=2003|publisher=Kregel Academic|isbn=9780825428920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stMd0QV97IYC&pg=PA236|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Ska|first=Jean Louis|title=Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch|chapter=|year=2006|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=9781575061221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Soggin|first=John|title=An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah (tr. 1999)|year=1998|publisher=SCM Press|isbn=9780334027881|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzw_H5GhkfYC|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Sparks|first=Kenton L.|editor1-last=Dozeman|editor1-first=Thomas B.|title=Methods for Exodus|chapter=Genre Criticism|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139487382|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiqF7sVqDQcC&pg=PA73|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Sparks|first=B.C.|chapter=Egyptian Texts Relating to the Exodus|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Thomas E.|editor2-last=Schneider|editor2-first=Thomas|editor3-last=Propp|editor3-first=William H.C.|title=Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience|year=2015|publisher=Springer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpe1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262|ref=harv|isbn=9783319047683}}
: {{cite book|last=Stiebing|first=William H.|title=Out of the Desert: Archaeology and the Exodus/Conquest Narratives|year=1989|publisher=Prometheus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf2NWgNhEecC|ref=harv|isbn=9781615926886}}
: {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Thomas L.|title=The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology And The Myth Of Israel|year=1999|publisher=Basic Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzOJ9nMlUJcC&pg=PA73|ref=harv|isbn=0465010520}}
: {{cite book|last=Tigay|first=Jeffrey H.|editor1-last=Berlin|editor1-first=Adele|editor2-last=Brettler|editor2-first=Marc Zvi|title=The Jewish Study Bible|chapter=Exodus|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195297515|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDuy3p5QvEYC|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Van Seters|first=John|title=The Land that I Will Show You|chapter=The Geography of the Exodus|editor1-last=Silberman|editor1-first=Neil Ash|year=1997a|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|isbn=9781850756507|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQe_4Waz34C|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Van Seters|first=John|title=In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History|year=1997b|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0-skPdXtewwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|ref=harv|first1=Gerald P.|last1=Verbrugghe|first2=John Moore|last2=Wickersham|title=Berossos and Manetho, Introduced and Translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kAED-kQCJkC|year=2001|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-08687-1}}
: {{cite book|last1=Whitelam|first1=Keith W.|editor1-last=Rogerson|editor1-first=John William|editor2-last=Lieu|editor2-first=Judith|title=The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies|chapter=General problems of studying the text of the bible...|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199254255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMkMeaijNT4C&pg=PA255|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Ralpth C|editor=Watson E. Mills (General Editor)|title=Mercer Dictionary of the Bible|publisher=Mercer University Press|chapter=Genre, Concept of|date=1990|url=https://books.google.com/?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA323&lpg=PA323&dq=Mercer+dictionary+bible+genre+concept#v=onepage&q=Mercer%20dictionary%20bible%20genre%20concept&f=false|ref=harv|isbn=9780865543737}}
{{refend}}
 
{{شخصيات وأسماء مذكورة في القرآن}}
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