يهود: الفرق بين النسختين

'''اليهود''' (من [[العبرية]]: יְהוּדִי، اسم نسبة [[يهوذا (بن يعقوب)|ليهوذا]]، من أبناء [[يعقوب]]) هم أبناء [[شعب]] أو [[عرقيات دينية|قومية دينية]]<ref>{{مرجع ويب|العنوان=The Samaritans – A Jewish Sect in Israel: Strategies for Survival of an Ethno-religious Minority in the Twenty First Century|المؤلف=Sean Ireton|الناشر=Anthrobase|السنة=2003|تاريخ الوصول=2009-12-30|المسار=http://www.anthrobase.com/Txt/I/Ireton_S_01.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.policyarchive.org/bitstream/handle/10207/10008/Levey-StudiesinContemporaryJewry11.pdf|title=Toward a Theory of Disproportionate American Jewish Liberalism|last=Levey|first=Geoffrey Brahm}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Symbolic Ethnicity or Religion Among Jews in the United States: A Test of Gansian Hypotheses|author=J. Alan Winter|work=Review of Religious Research|volume=37|date=March 1996|issue=3|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=96271706}}</ref> أو [[أمة]]،<ref name="Nicholson2002">{{cite book|author=M. Nicholson|title=International Relations: A Concise Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvI8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|year=2002|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-5822-9|pages=19–}} "The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel"</ref><ref name="Neusner1991">{{cite book|author=Jacob Neusner|title=An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC&pg=PA375|year=1991|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25348-6|pages=375–}} "That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel"</ref><ref name="Dowty1998">{{cite book|author=Alan Dowty|title=The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL8r4U1FKSQC&pg=PA3|date=30 January 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92706-3|pages=3–}} "Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://louisville.edu/law/library/special-collections/the-louis-d.-brandeis-collection/the-jewish-problem-how-to-solve-it-by-louis-d.-brandeis|title=The Jewish Problem: How To Solve It|first=Louis|last=Brandeis|authorlink=Louis Brandeis|date=25 April 1915|publisher=University of Louisville School of Law|accessdate=2 April 2012|quote=Jews are a distinctive nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station or shade of belief, is necessarily a member}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Edward Henry|authorlink1=Edward Henry Palmer|title=A History of the Jewish Nation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishn00palm|accessdate=2 April 2012|date=14 October 2002|origyear=First published 1874|publisher=Gorgias Press|isbn=978-1-931956-69-7|oclc=51578088|laysummary=http://www.gorgiaspress.com/bookshop/pc-45-60-palmer-e-history-of-the-jewish-nation.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/materials/jewish_nationality.pdf|title=How I Became a Zionist|first=Albert|last=Einstein|authorlink=Albert Einstein|work=[[Einstein Papers Project]]|quote=The Jewish nation is a living fact|date=21 June 1921|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|accessdate=5 April 2012}}</ref> يتميزون بأتباع [[يهودية|الدين اليهودي]]، أو [[ثقافة يهودية|بالثقافة والتراث]] النابعة من هذا الدين. يعتبر اليهود العصريين أنفسهم من نسل أهالي [[مملكة يهوذا]] الذين كانوا ينسبون إلى أربعة من بين أسباط [[بني إسرائيل]] الإثني عشر: [[يهوذا]]، [[سمعون]]، [[بنيامين]] و[[لاوي]]، افترقوا بعد [[سبي بابل]] إلى يهود وإلى [[سامريون|سامريين]].<ref name="Scheindlin1998">{{cite book|author=Raymond P. Scheindlin|title=A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfsuicMmrE0C&pg=PA1|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513941-9|pages=1–}} Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"</ref><ref name="Incorporated2009">{{cite book|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA337|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|pages=337–}}"The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"</ref><ref name="MD2012">{{cite book|author=Harry Ostrer MD|title=Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RayZR3V1SFwC&pg=PT26|date=10 August 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-997638-6|pages=26–}}</ref> الديانة مرت بتطورات كثيرة عبر التاريخ وخاصة بعد انهيار [[مملكة يهوذا]] ودمار [[الهيكل الثاني]] في [[قرن 1|القرن الأول]] للميلاد.