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مستخدم:Ahmed Aboshama/كحولية: الفرق بين النسختين

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أُنشئَت بترجمة الصفحة "Alcoholism"
أُنشئَت بترجمة الصفحة "Alcoholism"
سطر 211:
Evidence does not support the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), antipsychotics, or gabapentin.<ref name="JAMA2014" />
 
== المجتمع والثقافة ==
== المآل ==
The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs due to injuries due to drunkenness and organ damage from long-term use, and secondary treatment costs, such as the costs of rehabilitation facilities and detoxification centers. Alcohol use is a major contributing factor for [[إصابة الرأس|head injuries]], [[حادث مرور|motor vehicle accidents]] (due to drunk driving), [[عنف أسري|domestic violence]], and assaults. Beyond the financial costs that alcohol consumption imposes, there are also significant social costs to both the alcoholic and their family and friends.<ref name="Jessica Kingsley Publishers">{{مرجع كتاب|url=http://www.jkp.com/catalogue/book/9781843102656/contents|title=Goodbye Mr. Wonderful. Alcohol, Addition and Early Recovery.|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|year=2004|ISBN=978-1-84310-265-6|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121091734/http://www.jkp.com/catalogue/book/9781843102656/contents|archivedate=21 November 2009|deadurl=no|last=McCully|first=Chris}}</ref> For instance, alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can lead to [[متلازمة الجنين الكحولي|fetal alcohol syndrome]],<ref>{{مرجع ويب
[[ملف:Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg|تصغير|اضطرابات استخدام الكحول لكل مليون شخص في 2012{{refbegin|3}}
| url = https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/documents/FAS_guidelines_accessible.pdf
{{legend|#ffff20|0–0}}
| title = Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis
{{legend|#ffc020|1–3}}
| date = May 2005
{{legend|#ffa020|4–6}}
| publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
{{legend|#ff9a20|7–13}}
| format = PDF
{{legend|#f08015|14–20}}
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140611110732/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/documents/FAS_guidelines_accessible.pdf
{{legend|#e06815|21–37}}
| archivedate = 11 June 2014
{{legend|#d85010|38–52}}
| deadurl = no
{{legend|#d02010|53–255}}
| last = Julie Louise Gerberding
{{refend}}
| last2 = José Cordero
]]
| last3 = R. Louise Floyd
تقلل الكحولية عادة من <nowiki/>[[متوسط العمر المتوقع]] للشخص بحوالي 10 سنوات. السبب الأكثر شيوعًا للوفاة بين مدمني الكحول هو المضاعفات القلبية الوعائية.<ref name="Zuskin-2006">{{cite journal|title=[Alcoholism—how it affects health and working capacity]|date=December 2006|journal=Arh Hig Rada Toksikol|issue=4|volume=57|pages=413–26|vauthors=Zuskin E, Jukić V, Lipozencić J, Matosić A, Mustajbegović J, Turcić N, Poplasen-Orlovac D, Bubas M, Prohić A|pmid=17265681|doi=}}</ref> هناك معدل [[انتحار]] عالي بين مدمني الكحول المزمنين، ويزيد المعدل بزيادة مدة شرب الشخص. يرتكب حوالي 3-15% من مدمني الكحول الانتحار،<ref>{{cite book|title=American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.|date=2006|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Arlington, Virg.|isbn=9780890423851|page=1346|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zql0AqtRSrYC&pg=PA1346|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529103328/https://books.google.com/books?id=zql0AqtRSrYC&pg=PA1346|archivedate=29 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ووجدت الأبحاث أن أكثر من 50% من إجمالي حوادث الانتحار ترتبط بالاعتماد على الكحول أو مادة أخرى. ويُعتقد أن هذا يرجع للتشوه الفسيولوجي الذي يسببه الكحول لكيمياء المخ، بالإضافة للعزلة الإجتماعية. يشيع الانتحار للغاية كذلك بين معاقري الكحول المراهقين، حيث ترتبط 25% من حوادث الانتحار في سن المراهقة [[معاقرة الكحول|بمعاقرة الكحول]].<ref name="understanding_suicidal_behaviour_a02">{{Cite book|last1=O'Connor|first1=Rory|last2=Sheehy|first2=Noel|title=Understanding suicidal behaviour|url=https://books.google.com/?id=79hEYGdDA3oC|date=29 January 2000|publisher=BPS Books|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-290-5|pages=33–37}}</ref> من بين أولئك المصابون [[اعتماد على الكحول|بالاعتماد على الكحول]] بعد عام واحد، يلتقي بعضهم بمعايير الشرب متدني الخطورة، رغم أن حوالي 25.5% فقط من تلك المجموعة تتلقى العلاج، ويكون الانفصال عن الكحول كما يلي: 25% لا يزالون معتمدين على الكحول، و27.3% في سكون جزئي (بعض الأعراض مستمرة)، و11.8% يشربون دون وجود أعراض (يزيد الاستهلاك من خطر الانتكاس)، و35.9% تعافوا بالكامل (عبارة عن 17.7% وصلوا للشرب متدني الخطورة و18.2% متقشفين تماما).<ref name="NIAAA2002">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2005/niaaa-18.htm|title=2001–2002 Survey Finds That Many Recover From Alcoholism|author=The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism|author2=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH News|date=18 January 2005|publisher=National Institutes of Health|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818230335/http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2005/niaaa-18.htm|archivedate=18 August 2006}}</ref> على العكس، أشارت نتائج متابعة طويلة الأمد (60 سنة) لمجموعتين من الرجال مدمني الكحول أن "نادرًا ما استمرت العودة للشرب المنضبط لأكثر من عقد دون انتكاس أو التطور لحد التقشف."<ref>{{cite journal|title=A 60-year follow-up of alcoholic men|date=August 2003|journal=Addiction.|issue=8|volume=98|pages=1043–51|issn=0965-2140|author=Vaillant GE|pmid=12873238|doi=10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00422.x}}</ref>
}}</ref> an incurable and damaging condition.<ref>{{مرجع كتاب|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kptHAAAAMAAJ|title=Fetal alcohol syndrome: a guide for families and communities|date=1 September 1997|publisher=Paul H Brookes Pub.|ISBN=978-1-55766-283-5|last=Streissguth|first=Ann Pytkowicz}}</ref> Estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse, collected by the World Health Organization, vary from one to six percent of a country's GDP.<ref>{{مرجع ويب
| url = http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.pdf
| title = Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004
| publisher = World Health Organization
| format = PDF
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061230103251/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.pdf
| archivedate = 30 December 2006
| deadurl = no
| accessdate = 3 January 2007
}}</ref> One Australian estimate pegged alcohol's social costs at 24% of all drug abuse costs; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol's share was 41%.<ref>{{مرجع ويب
| url = http://www.who.int/globalatlas/dataQuery/objectInterface.asp?objID=359&boCat=&p=null&lvl=0&catID=520700000000&level=2
| title = Economic cost of alcohol consumption
| publisher = World Health Organization Global Alcohol Database
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080118052306/http://www.who.int/globalatlas/dataQuery/objectInterface.asp?objID=359&boCat=&p=null&lvl=0&catID=520700000000&level=2
| archivedate = 18 January 2008
| deadurl = yes
| accessdate = 3 January 2007
}}</ref> One study quantified the cost to the UK of ''all'' forms of alcohol misuse in 2001 as £18.5–20 billion.<ref>{{مرجع ويب
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3122244.stm
| title = Q&A: The costs of alcohol
| date = 19 September 2003
| publisher = BBC
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061019030402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3122244.stm
| archivedate = 19 October 2006
| deadurl = no
}}</ref> All economic costs in the United States in 2006 have been estimated at $223.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.sertox.com.ar/img/item_full/Bouchery_2011.pdf|title=Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine|issue=5|DOI=10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.045|year=2011|volume=41|pages=516–524|PMID=22011424}}</ref>
 
[[صورة نمطية|Stereotypes]] of alcoholics are often found in [[خيال (أدب)|fiction]] and [[ثقافة شعبية|popular culture]]. The "town drunk" is a stock character in Western popular culture. Stereotypes of drunkenness may be based on [[عنصرية|racism]] or [[رهاب الأجانب|xenophobia]], as in the fictional depiction of the [[إيرلنديون|Irish]] as heavy drinkers.<ref>{{Citeمرجع book|last1=Potter|first1=James V.|volume=2|title=Substances of Abuseكتاب|url=httpshttp://bookswww.googlefinfacts.comie/?idPrivate/bestprice/alcoholdrinkconsumptionpriceseurope.htm|title=WU73eJAIDI4C&pg=PA1World/Global Alcohol/Drink Consumption|date=14 January 2008|publisher=AFSFinfacts Publishing CoIreland|year=2009|isbnISBN=978-1-930327-46-7|volume=2|pages=1–13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512161159/http://www.finfacts.ie/Private/bestprice/alcoholdrinkconsumptionpriceseurope.htm|archivedate=12 May 2015|deadurl=no|last=Potter|first=James V.}}تحقق من التاريخ في: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;year= / &#x7C;date= mismatch</code> ([[مساعدة:CS1 errors#bad date|مساعدة]])</ref> Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley attempt to document the perceived prevalence of high alcohol consumption amongst the Irish in America.<ref>{{Citeمرجع bookكتاب|last1url=Stivers|first1https://books.google.com/?id=RichardMH3aAAAAMAAJ|title=Hair of the dog: Irish drinking and its American stereotype|date=May 2000|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MH3aAAAAMAAJ|isbnISBN=978-0-8264-1218-8|last=Stivers|first=Richard}}</ref> Alcohol consumption is relatively similar between many European cultures, the United States, and Australia. In Asian countries that have a high gross domestic product, there is heightened drinking compared to other Asian countries, but it is nowhere near as high as it is in other countries like the United States. It is also inversely seen, with countries that have very low gross domestic product showing high alcohol consumption.<ref>{{citeCite journal|title=Alcohol abuse and related factors in Asia|journal=[[International Review of Psychiatry]]|issue=5|DOI=10.1080/09540260802344075|year=2008|volume=20|pages=425–433|vauthors=Chen CC, Yin SJ|pmidPMID=19012127|doi=10.1080/09540260802344075}}</ref> In a study done on Korean immigrants in Canada, they reported alcohol was even an integral part of their meal, and is the only time solo drinking should occur. They also believe alcohol is necessary at any social event as it helps conversations start.<ref>{{citeCite journal|url=|title=Drinking Culture of Elderly Korean Immigrants in Canada: A Focus Group Study|journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology|issue=4|year=2009|volume=24|pages=339–353|authorlast=Wooksoo K}}</ref>▼
== التاريخ ==
[[ملف:Adriaen_Brouwer_-_Inn_with_drunken_peasants.jpg|تصغير|أدرين بروير، استراحة مع فلاحين سكارى، 1620<br />]]
[[ملف:1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_Being_Disease4.jpg|يسار|تصغير|إعلان في 1904 يصف الكحولية بأنها مرض]]
تاريخيا، تمت صياغة مصطلح "[[هوس الشراب]]" بواسطة الطبيب الألماني كريستوف هوفلاند في 1819 قبل أن يحل محله مصطلح "الكحولية". <ref name="lexikon_psychiatrie_psychotherapie_medizinische_psychologie">{{Cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Uwe Henrik|title=Lexikon Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Medizinische Psychologie|date=30 April 2007|publisher=Urban Fischer bei Elsev|isbn=978-3-437-15061-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Valverde|first=Mariana|title=Diseases of the Will|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Kl5ugmvDgH0C&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=valentin+magnan+dipsomania|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-64469-3}}</ref> بحظى المصطلح الآن بمعنى أكثر تخصصا.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tracy|first1=Sarah J.|title=Alcoholism in America: from reconstruction to prohibition|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JkYyd4qmme0C&pg=PA31|date=25 May 2005|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0-8018-8119-0|pages=31–52}}</ref> استخدم مصطلح "الكحولية" لأول مرة في 1849 بواسطة الطبيب السويدي ماجنس هاس لوصف التأثيرات العكسية النظامية للكحول.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Alcoholismus chronicus, eller Chronisk alkoholssjukdom:|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wt6r2Zw8sCEC&pg=PR5|publisher=Stockholm und Leipzig|accessdate=19 February 2008|year=1852}}</ref> للكحول تاريخ طويل من الاستخدام وسوء الاستخدام عبر التاريخ المسجل. تسجل المصادر المصرية، والبابلية، والإنجيلية تاريخ المعاقرة والاعتماد على الكحول. في بعض الحضارات القديمة، تم تقديس الكحول، وفي حضارات أخرى، تمت إدانة معاقرته. سوء استخدام الكحول المفرط والسكر تم التعرف عليهما باعتبارهما يسببان مشاكل اجتماعية منذ آلاف السنين. مع ذلك، فإن تعريف السكر المألوف كما كان يعرف آنذاك وعواقبه السلبية لم يكن راسخًا طبيا حتى القرن الثامن عشر. في 1647، كان راهب يوناني يدعى أغابيوس أول من وثق أن سوء استخدام الكحول المزمن يرتبط بتسمم الجهاز العصبي والجسم ويؤدي لنطاق من المشاكل الطبية كالاختلاجات، والشلل، والنزف الداخلي. في 1920، أدت تأثيرات معاقرة الكحول والسكر المزمن إلى <nowiki/>[[حظر الكحوليات في الولايات المتحدة]] ولكنه فشل، وكان عبارة عن حظر دستوري في الأمة بأكملها على إنتاج، واستيراد، ونقل، وبيع المشروبات الكحولية واستمر حتى 1933. في 2005 قُدر أن الكحولية تكلف اقتصاد الولايات المتحدة حوالي 220 مليار دولار سنويا، أكثر من السرطان والسمنة.<ref name="soa2008">{{Cite book|last1=Potter|first1=James V.|volume=2|title=Substances of Abuse|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WU73eJAIDI4C&pg=PA1|date=14 January 2008|publisher=AFS Publishing Co|isbn=978-1-930327-46-7|pages=1–13}}</ref>
 
Caucasians have a much lower abstinence rate (11.8%) and much higher tolerance to symptoms (3.4±2.45 drinks) of alcohol than Chinese (33.4% and 2.2±1.78 drinks respectively). Also, the more acculturation there is between cultures, the more influenced the culture is to adopt Caucasians drinking practices.<ref>{{citeCite journal|url=|title=Exploring factors influencing alcohol consumption patterns among Chinese and Caucasians|journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol|issue=4|DOI=10.15288/jsa.1994.55.427|year=1994|volume=55|page=427|authorlast=Li H Z, Rosenblood L|doi=10.15288/jsa.1994.55.427}}</ref> [[صبار وليمز|Peyote]], a psychoactive agent, has even shown promise in treating alcoholism. Alcohol had actually replaced peyote as [[الشعوب الأصلية في الأمريكتين|Native Americans]]’ psychoactive agent of choice in rituals when peyote was outlawed.<ref>{{citeCite journal|url=|title=Psychoactive agents and Native American spirituality: Past and present|journal=Contemporary Justice Review|issue=2|DOI=10.1080/10282580802058270|year=2008|volume=11|pages=155–163|authorlast=French L|doi=10.1080/10282580802058270}}</ref>▼
== Society and culture ==
The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs due to injuries due to drunkenness and organ damage from long-term use, and secondary treatment costs, such as the costs of rehabilitation facilities and detoxification centers. Alcohol use is a major contributing factor for [[إصابة الرأس|head injuries]], [[حادث مرور|motor vehicle accidents]] (due to drunk driving), [[عنف أسري|domestic violence]], and assaults. Beyond the financial costs that alcohol consumption imposes, there are also significant social costs to both the alcoholic and their family and friends.<ref name="Jessica Kingsley Publishers">{{Cite book|last1=McCully|first1=Chris|title=Goodbye Mr. Wonderful. Alcohol, Addition and Early Recovery.|url=http://www.jkp.com/catalogue/book/9781843102656/contents|year=2004|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84310-265-6|pages=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121091734/http://www.jkp.com/catalogue/book/9781843102656/contents|archivedate=21 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For instance, alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can lead to [[متلازمة الجنين الكحولي|fetal alcohol syndrome]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/documents/FAS_guidelines_accessible.pdf|title=Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis|author=Julie Louise Gerberding|author2=José Cordero|author3=R. Louise Floyd|date=May 2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|location=USA|format=PDF|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611110732/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/documents/FAS_guidelines_accessible.pdf|archivedate=11 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> an incurable and damaging condition.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Streissguth|first1=Ann Pytkowicz|title=Fetal alcohol syndrome: a guide for families and communities|date=1 September 1997|publisher=Paul H Brookes Pub.|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kptHAAAAMAAJ|location=Baltimore, MD, USA|isbn=978-1-55766-283-5}}</ref> Estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse, collected by the World Health Organization, vary from one to six percent of a country's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=World Health Organization|url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.pdf|format=PDF|title=Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004|accessdate=3 January 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230103251/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.pdf|archivedate=30 December 2006|deadurl=no}}</ref> One Australian estimate pegged alcohol's social costs at 24% of all drug abuse costs; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol's share was 41%.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=World Health Organization Global Alcohol Database|url=http://www.who.int/globalatlas/dataQuery/objectInterface.asp?objID=359&boCat=&p=null&lvl=0&catID=520700000000&level=2|accessdate=3 January 2007|title=Economic cost of alcohol consumption|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118052306/http://www.who.int/globalatlas/dataQuery/objectInterface.asp?objID=359&boCat=&p=null&lvl=0&catID=520700000000&level=2|archivedate=18 January 2008}}</ref> One study quantified the cost to the UK of ''all'' forms of alcohol misuse in 2001 as £18.5–20 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3122244.stm|title=Q&A: The costs of alcohol|date=19 September 2003|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019030402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3122244.stm|archivedate=19 October 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> All economic costs in the United States in 2006 have been estimated at $223.5 billion.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sertox.com.ar/img/item_full/Bouchery_2011.pdf|title=Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine|issue=5|year=2011|volume=41|pages=516–524|vauthors=Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD|pmid=22011424|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.045}}</ref>
 
== البحث العلمي ==
▲[[صورة نمطية|Stereotypes]] of alcoholics are often found in [[خيال (أدب)|fiction]] and [[ثقافة شعبية|popular culture]]. The "town drunk" is a stock character in Western popular culture. Stereotypes of drunkenness may be based on [[عنصرية|racism]] or [[رهاب الأجانب|xenophobia]], as in the fictional depiction of the [[إيرلنديون|Irish]] as heavy drinkers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Potter|first1=James V.|volume=2|title=Substances of Abuse|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WU73eJAIDI4C&pg=PA1|date=14 January 2008|publisher=AFS Publishing Co|isbn=978-1-930327-46-7|pages=1–13}}</ref> Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley attempt to document the perceived prevalence of high alcohol consumption amongst the Irish in America.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Stivers|first1=Richard|title=Hair of the dog: Irish drinking and its American stereotype|date=May 2000|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MH3aAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-0-8264-1218-8}}</ref> Alcohol consumption is relatively similar between many European cultures, the United States, and Australia. In Asian countries that have a high gross domestic product, there is heightened drinking compared to other Asian countries, but it is nowhere near as high as it is in other countries like the United States. It is also inversely seen, with countries that have very low gross domestic product showing high alcohol consumption.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Alcohol abuse and related factors in Asia|journal=[[International Review of Psychiatry]]|issue=5|year=2008|volume=20|pages=425–433|vauthors=Chen CC, Yin SJ|pmid=19012127|doi=10.1080/09540260802344075}}</ref> In a study done on Korean immigrants in Canada, they reported alcohol was even an integral part of their meal, and is the only time solo drinking should occur. They also believe alcohol is necessary at any social event as it helps conversations start.<ref>{{cite journal|url=|title=Drinking Culture of Elderly Korean Immigrants in Canada: A Focus Group Study|journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology|issue=4|year=2009|volume=24|pages=339–353|author=Wooksoo K}}</ref>
 
=== توبيرامات ===
▲Caucasians have a much lower abstinence rate (11.8%) and much higher tolerance to symptoms (3.4±2.45 drinks) of alcohol than Chinese (33.4% and 2.2±1.78 drinks respectively). Also, the more acculturation there is between cultures, the more influenced the culture is to adopt Caucasians drinking practices.<ref>{{cite journal|url=|title=Exploring factors influencing alcohol consumption patterns among Chinese and Caucasians|journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol|issue=4|year=1994|volume=55|page=427|author=Li H Z, Rosenblood L|doi=10.15288/jsa.1994.55.427}}</ref> [[صبار وليمز|Peyote]], a psychoactive agent, has even shown promise in treating alcoholism. Alcohol had actually replaced peyote as [[الشعوب الأصلية في الأمريكتين|Native Americans]]’ psychoactive agent of choice in rituals when peyote was outlawed.<ref>{{cite journal|url=|title=Psychoactive agents and Native American spirituality: Past and present|journal=Contemporary Justice Review|issue=2|year=2008|volume=11|pages=155–163|author=French L|doi=10.1080/10282580802058270}}</ref>
[[توبيرامات]]، مشتق من السكر الأحادي الطبيعي [[فركتوز]]، وُجد أنه فعال في مساعدة مدمني الكحول في إيقاف أو تقليل كمية الكحول التي يشربونها. تقترح الأدلة أن توبيرامات يناهض مستقبلات <nowiki/>[[حمض الجلوتاميك]] الاستثارية، ويمنع إفراز الدوبامين، ويعزز من وظيفة <nowiki/>[[حمض الغاما-أمينوبيوتيريك|غابا]]. استنتجت مراجعة في 2008 عن فعالية توبيرامات أن نتائج المحاولات المنشورة واعدة، مع ذلك، فإن البيانات غير كافية لدعم استعماله بالتزامن مع تقديم استشارات أسبوعية قصيرة للامتثال كخط أول لعلاج الاعتماد على الكحول.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Topiramate for alcohol dependence|date=October 2008|journal=Ann Pharmacother|issue=10|DOI=10.1345/aph.1L157|volume=42|pages=1475–80|issn=1060-0280|PMID=18698008}}</ref> وجدت مراجعة في 2010 أن توبيرامات قد يكون متفوقًا على الخيارات الدوائية المتاحة. يقلل توبيرامات الرغبة في الكحول وشدة الانسحاب الكحولي بفعالية ويحسن جودة الحياة.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of topiramate: an antiepileptic for the treatment of alcohol dependence|date=May 2009|journal=Curr Drug Abuse Rev|issue=2|DOI=10.2174/1874473710902020135|volume=2|pages=135–42|PMID=19630744}}</ref>
 
=== Researchباكلوفين ===
[[باكلوفين|Baclofen]],، aمناهض GABABلمتسقبل receptorغابا-ب، agonist,لا isيزال underتحت studyالبحث forكعلاج the treatment of alcoholismللكحولية.<ref>{{citeCite journal|title=Effectiveness and safety of baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients.|date=March 2010|journal=CNS & neurological disorders drug targets|issue=1|DOI=10.2174/187152710790966614|volume=9|pages=33–44|vauthors=Leggio L, Garbutt JC, Addolorato G|pmidPMID=20201813|doi=10.2174/187152710790966614}}</ref> توصلت Aمراجعة 2017منهجية systematicفي review2017 concludedأنه thatلا thereتوجد isأدلة insufficientكافية evidenceللوصول toلأي drawاستنتاجات anyبشأن conclusionsسلامة aboutوفعالية the safety and efficacy because the evidence is of low quality and insufficientباكلوفين.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28822350|title=Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal|date=20 August 2017|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|DOI=10.1002/14651858.CD008502.pub5|volume=8|pages=CD008502|issn=1469-493X|PMID=28822350|last=Liu|first=Jia|first2=Lu-Ning|last2=Wang|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008502.pub5|pmid=28822350}}</ref>▼
 
=== Topiramateأوندانسيترون ===
[[أوندانسيترون|Ondansetron]],، aمناهض 5HT3لمستقبلات antagonist,5HT3، appearsويبدو toواعدًا haveكعلاج promise as a treatmentللكحولية.<ref>{{citeCite journal|title=Medications acting on the serotonergic system for the treatment of alcohol dependent patients.|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|issue=19|DOI=10.2174/138161210791516396|year=2010|volume=16|pages=2126–35|authorPMID=20482508|last=Kenna GA|pmid=20482508|doi=10.2174/138161210791516396}}</ref>▼
[[توبيرامات|Topiramate]], a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has been found effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut back on the amount they drink. Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release, and enhances inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid function. A 2008 review of the effectiveness of topiramate concluded that the results of published trials are promising, however, as of 2008, data was insufficient to support using topiramate in conjunction with brief weekly compliance counseling as a first-line agent for alcohol dependence.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Topiramate for alcohol dependence|date=October 2008|journal=Ann Pharmacother|issue=10|volume=42|pages=1475–80|issn=1060-0280|vauthors=Olmsted CL, Kockler DR|pmid=18698008|doi=10.1345/aph.1L157}}</ref> A 2010 review found that topiramate may be superior to existing alcohol pharmacotherapeutic options. Topiramate effectively reduces craving and alcohol withdrawal severity as well as improving quality-of-life-ratings.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of topiramate: an antiepileptic for the treatment of alcohol dependence|date=May 2009|journal=Curr Drug Abuse Rev|issue=2|volume=2|pages=135–42|vauthors=Kenna GA, Lomastro TL, Schiesl A, Leggio L, Swift RM|pmid=19630744|doi=10.2174/1874473710902020135}}</ref>
 
=== Baclofen ===
▲[[باكلوفين|Baclofen]], a GABAB receptor agonist, is under study for the treatment of alcoholism.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Effectiveness and safety of baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients.|date=March 2010|journal=CNS & neurological disorders drug targets|issue=1|volume=9|pages=33–44|vauthors=Leggio L, Garbutt JC, Addolorato G|pmid=20201813|doi=10.2174/187152710790966614}}</ref> A 2017 systematic review concluded that there is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions about the safety and efficacy because the evidence is of low quality and insufficient.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28822350|title=Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal|date=20 August 2017|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|pages=CD008502|issn=1469-493X|last=Liu|first=Jia|first2=Lu-Ning|last2=Wang|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008502.pub5|pmid=28822350}}</ref>
 
=== Ondansetron ===
▲[[أوندانسيترون|Ondansetron]], a 5HT3 antagonist, appears to have promise as a treatment.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Medications acting on the serotonergic system for the treatment of alcohol dependent patients.|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|issue=19|year=2010|volume=16|pages=2126–35|author=Kenna GA|pmid=20482508|doi=10.2174/138161210791516396}}</ref>
 
== انظر أيضا ==
السطر 258 ⟵ 276:
* [http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/inscage.htm CAGE Questionnaire on NIH]
* [http://www.mdcalc.com/ciwa-ar-for-alcohol-withdrawal/ CIWA-Ar Score for Alcohol Withdrawal]
* Reus، VI؛ Fochtmann، LJ؛ Bukstein، O؛ Eyler، AE؛ Hilty، DM؛ Horvitz-Lennon، M؛ Mahoney، J؛ Pasic، J؛ Weaver، M (1 January 2018). "The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder.". ''The American Journal of Psychiatry''. '''175''' (1): 86–90. PMID&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29301420 29301420]. doi:[//dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2017.1750101 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.1750101].{{Cite journal|title=The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder.|date=1 January 2018|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|issue=1|DOI=10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.1750101|volume=175|pages=86–90|PMID=29301420|last=Reus|first=VI|first2=LJ|last2=Fochtmann|first3=O|last3=Bukstein|first4=AE|last4=Eyler|first5=DM|last5=Hilty|first6=M|last6=Horvitz-Lennon|first7=J|last7=Mahoney|first8=J|last8=Pasic|first9=M|last9=Weaver}}
 
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to an article in a magazine or journal, using the provided source information (e.g. journal name, author, title, issue, URL) and various formatting options.">Cite journal</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Reus</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">VI</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 2</span><span data-key="last2" title="The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" style="position: relative;">Fochtmann</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 2</span><span data-key="first2" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first2" style="position: relative;">LJ</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 3</span><span data-key="last3" title="The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink3'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last3" style="position: relative;">Bukstein</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 3</span><span data-key="first3" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first3" style="position: relative;">O</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last4" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 4</span><span data-key="last4" title="The surname of the forth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink4'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last4" style="position: relative;">Eyler</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first4" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 4</span><span data-key="first4" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the forth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first4" style="position: relative;">AE</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last5" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 5</span><span data-key="last5" title="The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink5'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last5" style="position: relative;">Hilty</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first5" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 5</span><span data-key="first5" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first5" style="position: relative;">DM</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last6" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 6</span><span data-key="last6" title="The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink6'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last6" style="position: relative;">Horvitz-Lennon</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first6" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 6</span><span data-key="first6" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first6" style="position: relative;">M</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last7" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 7</span><span data-key="last7" title="The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink7'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last7" style="position: relative;">Mahoney</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first7" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 7</span><span data-key="first7" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first7" style="position: relative;">J</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last8" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 8</span><span data-key="last8" title="The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink8'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last8" style="position: relative;">Pasic</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first8" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 8</span><span data-key="first8" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first8" style="position: relative;">J</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last9" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 9</span><span data-key="last9" title="The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink9'. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last9" style="position: relative;">Weaver</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first9" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 9</span><span data-key="first9" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first9" style="position: relative;">M</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source date</span><span data-key="date" title="Date of the source; do not wikilink. As listed in the publication" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="date" style="position: relative;">1 January 2018</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the article; can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in quotes." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder.</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="journal" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Journal</span><span data-key="journal" title="Name of the source journal; may be wikilinked; displays in italics; alias of 'work'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="journal" style="position: relative;">The American Journal of Psychiatry</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">The American Journal of Psychiatry</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Volume</span><span data-key="volume" title="For one publication published in several volumes" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" style="position: relative;">175</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="issue" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Issue</span><span data-key="issue" title="Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="issue" style="position: relative;">1</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="pages" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Pages</span><span data-key="pages" title="Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="pages" style="position: relative;">86–90</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="doi" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">DOI</span><span data-key="doi" title="Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="doi" style="position: relative;">10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.1750101</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="pmid" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">PMID</span><span data-key="pmid" title="PubMed Unique Identifier" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="pmid" style="position: relative;">29301420</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to an article in a magazine or journal, using the provided source information (e.g. journal name, author, title, issue, URL) and various formatting options.">Cite journal</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Reus</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">VI</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 2</span><span data-key="last2" title="The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" style="position: relative;">Fochtmann</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 2</span><span data-key="first2" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first2" style="position: relative;">LJ</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 3</span><span data-key="last3" title="The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink3'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last3" style="position: relative;">Bukstein</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 3</span><span data-key="first3" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first3" style="position: relative;">O</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last4" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 4</span><span data-key="last4" title="The surname of the forth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink4'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last4" style="position: relative;">Eyler</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first4" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 4</span><span data-key="first4" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the forth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first4" style="position: relative;">AE</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last5" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 5</span><span data-key="last5" title="The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink5'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last5" style="position: relative;">Hilty</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first5" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 5</span><span data-key="first5" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first5" style="position: relative;">DM</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last6" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 6</span><span data-key="last6" title="The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink6'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last6" style="position: relative;">Horvitz-Lennon</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first6" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 6</span><span data-key="first6" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first6" style="position: relative;">M</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last7" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 7</span><span data-key="last7" title="The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink7'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last7" style="position: relative;">Mahoney</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first7" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 7</span><span data-key="first7" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first7" style="position: relative;">J</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last8" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 8</span><span data-key="last8" title="The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink8'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last8" style="position: relative;">Pasic</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first8" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 8</span><span data-key="first8" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first8" style="position: relative;">J</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last9" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 9</span><span data-key="last9" title="The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink9'. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last9" style="position: relative;">Weaver</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first9" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 9</span><span data-key="first9" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first9" style="position: relative;">M</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source date</span><span data-key="date" title="Date of the source; do not wikilink. As listed in the publication" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="date" style="position: relative;">1 January 2018</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the article; can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in quotes." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder.</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="journal" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Journal</span><span data-key="journal" title="Name of the source journal; may be wikilinked; displays in italics; alias of 'work'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="journal" style="position: relative;">The American Journal of Psychiatry</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">The American Journal of Psychiatry</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Volume</span><span data-key="volume" title="For one publication published in several volumes" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" style="position: relative;">175</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="issue" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Issue</span><span data-key="issue" title="Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="issue" style="position: relative;">1</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="pages" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Pages</span><span data-key="pages" title="Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="pages" style="position: relative;">86–90</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="doi" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">DOI</span><span data-key="doi" title="Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="doi" style="position: relative;">10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.1750101</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="pmid" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">PMID</span><span data-key="pmid" title="PubMed Unique Identifier" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="pmid" style="position: relative;">29301420</div></div></div></div>
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[[تصنيف:معاقرة الكحول]]
مجلوبة من «https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/مستخدم:Ahmed_Aboshama/كحولية»