إدوين هوارد آرمسترونغ: الفرق بين النسختين

'''إدوين هوارد آرمسترونغ''' (بال[[إنجليزية]]: Edwin Howard Armstrong) (ولد [[1890]] - توفي [[1954]]) هو مخترع و[[هندسة كهربائية|مهندس كهربائي]] [[الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية|أمريكي]] قام بدور بارز في تطوير صناعة [[راديو|الراديو]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Major Armstrong Goes to Columbia |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=August 7, 1934 |page=20 |quote=The appointment of Major Edwin Howard Armstrong as Professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University yesterday by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, president of the university.}}</ref><ref>[https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/US/283/283.US.664.630.html 283 U.S. 664](May 25, 1931). Fleming and Lilenfeld had advocated high vacuum. "Of critical importance in the present controversy is the effect of the presence of gas within the tube." "In consequence, the low vacuum tube is more sensitive both as a detector and as an amplifier than a tube of high vacuum." "August 20, 1912, the earliest date claimed for Langmuir, was rejected rightly, we think, by the District Court, which held that Langmuir was anticipated by Arnold in November, 1912. But before the earlier date, De Forest sought and obtained a high vacuum in the audions used as amplifiers, and observed that when the vacuum was too low the blue glow effect occurred at from 15 to 20 volts. In order to secure higher voltages from the audions used as amplifiers and to procure the requisite high vacuum, he had some of the bulbs re-exhausted while superheated. By August 1912, the Telegraph Company used De Forest amplifying audions at 54 volts, and by November, they were used by another at 67 1/2 volts. This was possible only because the tubes had thus been exhausted of gas, which would otherwise have ionized with blue glow at from 20 to 30 volts." {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171027130359/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/US/283/283.US.664.630.html |date=27 أكتوبر 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/93688720|title=395,000 FM Radio Sets Must Be Replaced|last=INS|first=|date=June 27, 1945|work=Journal Gazette|access-date=2017-08-14|page=6|language=en|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> حيث أنه مخترع تقنية [[تضمين ترددي|التضمين الترددي]] ذو النطاق العريض في البث الإذاعي Frequency Modulation والتي تُعرف اختصارا ً باسم (FM)، كما اخترع دائرة المجدّد regenerative circuit والدائرة المغايرة الفوقية superheterodyne receiver، فضلا ً عن اختراعات أخرى، وفي المحصلة سُجلت 42 [[براءة اختراع]] باسم أدوين هاوارد آرمسترونغ.