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????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????[76] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????[77][78] ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????[78] ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.[76] ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????.[79][80]
{{مقالة غير مراجعة|تاريخ=أبريل 2015}}
 
?????? ??? ???? ?????? 18 ???? 1869 ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1881 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???.[81]
تعد جزيرة الامير باتريك من جزر أرخبيل القطب الشمالي الكندي والتي تقع في اقصى غرب جزر الملكة إليزابيث في الأقاليم الشمالية الغربية في كندا.وتحتل الجزيرة المرتبة الخامسة والخمسون من حيث المساحة في قائمة أكبر الجزر في العالم والمرتبة الرابعة عشر في قائمة أكبر الجزر الكندية ، وذلك لمساحتها التي تبلغ ,15,848 كيلو متر .وتعتبر الجزيرة من أكثر الجزر التي يصعب الوصول إليها في كندا نظراً لإنكسائها بالثلج طوال العام .
وتعد الجزيرة من الجزر المهجورة حيث تقع عند مدخل مضيق مكلور. ونتيجة لجهود الجيش الكندي والأمريكي المشترك لبناء محطات للطقس افتتحت محطة للأرصاد الجوية ومهبط طائرات لمطار ميلود باي في عام 1948. حيث بدأت عمليات مراقبة الطقس المنتظمة في 14 مايو في نفس العام .و كان يتراوح عدد الموظفين المؤقتين أثناء المراقبة بين 10 و 40 موظف ويزداد عددهم عادة في فصل الصيف وذلك عندما يتم امداد المحطة في الجنوب .
وخلال فترة مشاركة خدمة الأرصاد الجوية العالمية – الأمريكية المنشأة عرفت المحطة باسم محطة طقس القطب الشمالي المشتركة , حيث تناوب الموظفين التنفيذيين الكنديين ونظرائهم من الولايات المتحدة المراقبة في المحطة . إلا أن في عام 1972 انتهت مشاركة أمريكا في المحطة. ومن ثم أغلقت المحطة في عام 1997 وذلك بسبب تخفيضات الميزانية. وقد استبدلت المحطة بمحطة طقس آلية في موقع جديد على مهبط الطائرات و أسفل المباني المركزية والمرصد. وفي عام1997 , 31 مارس سجلت أخر عملية مراقبة للطقس لتنهي سجلات المراقبة الجوية التي ابتدأت من عام 1948 إلى عام 1997 .
ومازالت مباني تلك المحطة قائمة ً إلا أن مع حلول عام 2007 تدهور حالها ووصلت إلى مرحلة غير قابلة للإصلاح. وتمثل تلك المحطة الاستيطان الوحيد والطويل للإنسان على هذه الجزيرة .
وكان أول من رأى الجزيرة الضابط البحري جورج ميكام وذلك عندما قام باستكشافها مع صديقه فرانسيس ليوبولد مكلينتوك أثناء رحلة إدوارد بيلتشرالاستكشافية في فصل الربيع. وفي وقت لاحق سميت الجزيرة باسم جزيرة الامير باتريك تيمناً بالامير آرثر ويليام باتريك دوق كونوت وستراذرن والحاكم العام لكندا من عام 1911حتى عام 1916.
 
????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? (1914-1917) ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 1914 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1922 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.[82][83]
وترتفع الجزيرة عن سطح البحر بحوالي 279 متر (915 قدم ) وتعتبر من المناطق النشطة زلزاليا.
???????
 
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واستخدمت الجزيرة كخلفية لعمل أدبي وهي رواية The Lost Ones من كتابة لان كامرون .وبحلول عام 1974 حولت الرواية إلى فلم سينمائي من انتاج شركة ديزني بعنوان The Island at the Top of the World . وكانت تدور أحداث الرواية حول جماعة منعزلة من الفايكنج الذين يعيشون في وادي دافئ ومؤهل للعيش بفضل البراكين في الجزيرة .
 
????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
== الطقس ==
<div style=width:90%>
{{Weather box
|metric first= Y
|single line = Y
|location= [[Mould Bay Airport]]
|Jan maximum humidex= -6.7
|Feb maximum humidex= -5.4
|Mar maximum humidex= -6.7
|Apr maximum humidex= -2.2
|May maximum humidex= 5.0
|Jun maximum humidex= 12.8
|Jul maximum humidex= 17.3
|Aug maximum humidex= 16.2
|Sep maximum humidex= 7.2
|Oct maximum humidex= 2.3
|Nov maximum humidex= -1.7
|Dec maximum humidex= -3.0
|year maximum humidex= 17.3
|Jan record high C= -5.3
|Feb record high C= -4.9
|Mar record high C= -6.7
|Apr record high C= -0.5
|May record high C= 5.6
|Jun record high C= 13.7
|Jul record high C= 17.5
|Aug record high C= 14.4
|Sep record high C= 7.8
|Oct record high C= 2.5
|Nov record high C= -1.7
|Dec record high C= -2.6
|year record high C= 17.5
|Jan high C= -29.4
|Feb high C= -30.0
|Mar high C= -27.6
|Apr high C= -19.1
|May high C= -7.4
|Jun high C= 2.9
|Jul high C= 6.7
|Aug high C= 3.0
|Sep high C= -3.8
|Oct high C= -14.1
|Nov high C= -23.1
|Dec high C= -27.0
|year high C= -14.1
|Jan mean C= -33.1
|Feb mean C= -33.9
|Mar mean C= -31.4
|Apr mean C= -23.0
|May mean C= -10.4
|Jun mean C= 0.6
|Jul mean C= 4.0
|Aug mean C= 0.9
|Sep mean C= -6.2
|Oct mean C= -17.7
|Nov mean C= -26.6
|Dec mean C= -30.5
|year mean C= -17.3
|Jan low C= -36.9
|Feb low C= -37.6
|Mar low C= -34.9
|Apr low C= -26.8
|May low C= -13.5
|Jun low C= -1.7
|Jul low C= 1.2
|Aug low C= -1.3
|Sep low C= -8.5
|Oct low C= -21.3
|Nov low C= -30.2
|Dec low C= -34.0
|year low C= -20.4
|Jan record low C= -52.2
|Feb record low C= -53.9
|Mar record low C= -50.0
|Apr record low C= -46.1
|May record low C= -28.9
|Jun record low C= -14.4
|Jul record low C= -3.9
|Aug record low C= -13.5
|Sep record low C= -26.1
|Oct record low C= -37.9
|Nov record low C= -44.4
|Dec record low C= -52.8
|year record low C= -53.9
|Jan chill= -72.8
|Feb chill= -72.0
|Mar chill= -70.1
|Apr chill= -60.5
|May chill= -39.2
|Jun chill= -22.5
|Jul chill= -10.8
|Aug chill= -17.3
|Sep chill= -35.0
|Oct chill= -52.3
|Nov chill= -57.9
|Dec chill= -68.8
|year chill= -72.8
|Jan precipitation mm= 4.5
|Feb precipitation mm= 4.6
|Mar precipitation mm= 4.2
|Apr precipitation mm= 3.4
|May precipitation mm= 10.8
|Jun precipitation mm= 9.8
|Jul precipitation mm= 13.8
|Aug precipitation mm= 23.8
|Sep precipitation mm= 18.1
|Oct precipitation mm= 12.9
|Nov precipitation mm= 6.7
|Dec precipitation mm= 4.5
|year precipitation mm= 117.2
|Jan rain mm= 0.0
|Feb rain mm= 0.0
|Mar rain mm= 0.0
|Apr rain mm= 0.0
|May rain mm= 0.0
|Jun rain mm= 3.6
|Jul rain mm= 10.0
|Aug rain mm= 11.7
|Sep rain mm= 2.2
|Oct rain mm= 0.0
|Nov rain mm= 0.0
|Dec rain mm= 0.0
|year rain mm= 27.5
|Jan snow cm= 5.4
|Feb snow cm= 5.8
|Mar snow cm= 5.1
|Apr snow cm= 4.7
|May snow cm= 15.0
|Jun snow cm= 6.6
|Jul snow cm= 3.8
|Aug snow cm= 12.9
|Sep snow cm= 18.5
|Oct snow cm= 16.1
|Nov snow cm= 9.0
|Dec snow cm= 6.3
|year snow cm= 109.2
|Jan humidity= 69.5
|Feb humidity= 67.4
|Mar humidity= 64.6
|Apr humidity= 73.2
|May humidity= 82.0
|Jun humidity= 81.3
|Jul humidity= 79.6
|Aug humidity= 84.8
|Sep humidity= 88.2
|Oct humidity= 80.3
|Nov humidity= 73.3
|Dec humidity= 69.6
|year humidity= 76.1
|unit precipitation days= 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days= 6.1
|Feb precipitation days= 6.6
|Mar precipitation days= 6.4
|Apr precipitation days= 4.9
|May precipitation days= 10.1
|Jun precipitation days= 6.3
|Jul precipitation days= 9.0
|Aug precipitation days= 13.3
|Sep precipitation days= 12.8
|Oct precipitation days= 11.6
|Nov precipitation days= 9.6
|Dec precipitation days= 6.9
|year precipitation days= 103.6
|unit rain days= 0.2 mm
|Jan rain days= 0.0
|Feb rain days= 0.0
|Mar rain days= 0.0
|Apr rain days= 0.0
|May rain days= 0.0
|Jun rain days= 2.9
|Jul rain days= 7.8
|Aug rain days= 6.2
|Sep rain days= 1.1
|Oct rain days= 0.0
|Nov rain days= 0.0
|Dec rain days= 0.0
|year rain days= 18.0
|unit snow days= 0.2 cm
|Jan snow days= 6.6
|Feb snow days= 6.9
|Mar snow days= 6.8
|Apr snow days= 5.8
|May snow days= 12.2
|Jun snow days= 4.2
|Jul snow days= 3.4
|Aug snow days= 8.9
|Sep snow days= 12.5
|Oct snow days= 12.2
|Nov snow days= 10.0
|Dec snow days= 7.1
|year snow days= 96.5
|Jan sun=
|Feb sun=
|Mar sun= 97.9
|Apr sun= 287.5
|May sun= 267.9
|Jun sun= 297.2
|Jul sun= 254.1
|Aug sun= 121.0
|Sep sun= 49.6
|Oct sun= 15.5
|Nov sun= 0.0
|Dec sun=
|year sun= 1390.5
|Jan percentsun=
|Feb percentsun=
|Mar percentsun= 27.8
|Apr percentsun= 49.9
|May percentsun= 36.0
|Jun percentsun= 41.3
|Jul percentsun= 34.2
|Aug percentsun= 17.4
|Sep percentsun= 11.6
|Oct percentsun= 6.9
|Nov percentsun= 0.0
|Dec percentsun=
|year percentsun= 25.0
|source 1= [[Environment Canada]] Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010<ref name= "ccn">{{cite web | publisher = [[Environment Canada]] | url = ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/NWT/NWT_AKLA-YELL_ENG.csv | format= CSV (3069 KB)| id = Climate ID: 2502700 |title = Mould Bay A | work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 | accessdate = 2014-01-09}}</ref>
}}</div>
== المراجع ==
[[Image:Wfm prince patrick island.jpg||thumb|NASA landsat image of Prince Patrick Island]]
{{مراجع}}
 
??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1919 ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? "????? 28 ?????? 1922" ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.[84]
== قراءات أخرى ==
??? ??? 1923 ?????? "???? ????????" ???? ???? ????? 1923? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? 1936 ???? 20 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 8 ?????? 1951 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1899? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? 3 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 27 ????? 1952? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1952 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????[85] ?? ????? ????????? ??? 18 ????? 1953.[86][87]
<div class="references-small">
?????????
* Frebold, Hans. ''Fauna, Age and Correlation of the Jurassic Rocks of Prince Patrick Island''. Ottawa: E. Cloutier, Queen's printer, 1957.
* Harrison, J. C., and T. A. Brent. ''Basins and fold belts of Prince Patrick Island and adjacent areas, Canadian Arctic Islands''. [Ottawa]: Geological Survey of Canada, 2005. ISBN 0-660-19008-7
* Miller, F. L. ''Peary Caribou and Muskoxen on Prince Patrick Island, Eglinton Island, and Emerald Isle, Northwest Territories, July 1986''. [Edmonton]: Canadian Wildlife Service, 1987. ISBN 0-662-15652-8
* Pissart, A. ''The Pingos of Prince Patrick Island (760N - 1200W)''. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada, 1970.
* Tedrow, John C. F., P. F. Bruggemann, and Grant Fontain Walton. ''Soils of Prince Patrick Island''. Research paper (Arctic Institute of North America), no. 44. Washington: Arctic Institute of North America, 1968.
</div>
 
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 23 ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
== روابط خارجية ==
{{تصنيف كومنز|Prince Patrick Island}}
* [http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/toporama?center=-610269.00762377,3138368.4485762&zoom=6 Prince Patrick Island in the Atlas of Canada - Toporama; Natural Resources Canada]
* [http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpe/environments/maps/detailed/islands/prince_patrick.htm Prince Patrick Island] on the ''Canada's Arctic'' website.
 
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
{{Queen Elizabeth Islands}}
???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????.
{{Beaufort Sea Islands}}
{{تصنيف كومنز|Prince Patrick Island}}
{{شريط بوابات|جغرافيا|كندا}}
 
?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92]
[[تصنيف:جزر بحر بيوفورت]]
[[تصنيف:جزر الملكة إليزابيث]]
 
???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94]
[[تصنيف:جزر غير مأهولة في الأقاليم الشمالية الغربية]]
??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????
 
?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96]
 
?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99]
 
?? 6 ??????? 1981? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????[100][101] ?? ?????? 1981 ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??.[102]
 
????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 30 ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???: ????? ????? ??????? 1986 ???? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????) ?????? ?????? 1997 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? 98 ?? ????? 6 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 25 ????? 2011 ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.[102][103][104]
???? 25 ?????
 
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 25 ????? ????? 2011 ?? ???
 
???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????.
 
???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? 2010.[105] ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 25 ????? 2011 (??? ??? ??????) ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? 28 ????? ????? ??? �???? ?????� ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????[76] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????[77][78] ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????[78] ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.[76] ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????.[79][80]
 
?????? ??? ???? ?????? 18 ???? 1869 ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1881 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???.[81]
 
????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? (1914-1917) ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 1914 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1922 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.[82][83]
???????
 
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ??????? ???????
 
????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
 
??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1919 ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? "????? 28 ?????? 1922" ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.[84]
??? ??? 1923 ?????? "???? ????????" ???? ???? ????? 1923? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? 1936 ???? 20 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 8 ?????? 1951 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1899? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? 3 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 27 ????? 1952? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1952 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????[85] ?? ????? ????????? ??? 18 ????? 1953.[86][87]
?????????
 
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 23 ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
 
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????.
 
?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92]
 
???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94]
??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????
 
?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96]
 
?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99]
 
?? 6 ??????? 1981? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????.
 
?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92]
 
???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94]
??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????
 
?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96]
 
?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99]
 
?? 6 ??????? 1981? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????[100][101] ?? ?????? 1981 ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??.[102]
 
????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 30 ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???: ????? ????? ??????? 1986 ???? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????) ?????? ?????? 1997 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? 98 ?? ????? 6 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 25 ????? 2011 ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.[102][103][104]
???? 25 ?????
 
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 25 ????? ????? 2011 ?? ???
 
???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????.
 
???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? 2010.[105] ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 25 ????? 2011 (??? ??? ??????) ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? 28 ????? ????? ??? �???? ?????� ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???
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