مكافحة البعوض: الفرق بين النسختين

 

كان دور ثنائي كلورو ثنائي فينيل ثلاثي كلورو الإيثان في مكافحة البعوض موضع جدل كبير. على الرغم من أنه ثبت أنه يؤثر على التنوع البيولوجي ويسبب رقيق قشر البيض في الطيور مثل النسر الأصلع، ويقول البعض أن ثنائي كلورو ثنائي فينيل ثلاثي كلورو الإيثان هو السلاح الأكثر فعالية في مكافحة البعوض والملاريا. وفي حين أن بعض هذه الخلافات تستند إلى الاختلافات في مدى تقدير قيمة مكافحة الأمراض بدلا من قيمة التنوع البيولوجي، هناك أيضا خلاف حقيقي بين الخبراء بشأن تكاليف وفوائد استخدام ثنائي كلورو ثنائي فينيل ثلاثي كلورو الإيثان.

 

على الرغم من ذلك، بدأ البعوض المقاوم لثنائي كلورو ثنائي فينيل ثلاثي كلورو الإيثان في الزيادة في أعداده، وخاصة في المناطق المدارية بسبب الطفرات، والحد من فعالية هذه المادة الكيميائية. يمكن أن تنتشر هذه الطفرات بسرعة في مناطق شاسعة إذا طبقت مبيدات الآفات عشوائيا. في المناطق التي تواجه فيها مقاومة ثنائي كلورو ثنائي فينيل ثلاثي كلورو الإيثان، يستخدم فيها مادة مالاثيون، مادة بروبوكسر أو مادة ليندين.

[[ملف:US_Navy_050910-N-2653P-132_Forward_Deployable_Preventive_Medicine_Unit_(FDPMU)_East,_removes_a_Light_Trap_provided_by_the_Centers_for_Disease_Control_(CDC)_from_a_tent_city_area_on_board_NAS_JRB_New_Orleans.jpg|يسار|تصغير|فخ الضوء الذي يجذب ويلتقط البعوض.]]

هناك نهج تقليدي للسيطرة على أعداد البعوض هو الذي يوفر مواقع التكاثر الاصطناعي للبعوض لوضع بيضها. هذه الفخاخ عادة تحتوي على مادة كيميائية داخل الفخ الذي يستخدم لقتل البعوض البالغ و اليرقات في الفخ. وقد أظهرت الدراسات أنه مع ما يكفي من هذه الفخاخ، يمكن السيطرة على البعوض المزعج.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The lethal ovitrap: A response to the resurgence of dengue and chikungunya|journal=U.S. Army Medical Department Journal|year=2011|pages=4–11|PMID=21805450|last=Zeichner|first=B. C.|first2=M|last2=Debboun}}</ref> النهج الأخير هو الذي يعمل مثل الأول ولكن أتمتة جميع الخطوات اللازمة لتوفير بقع التربية وتدمير اليرقات النامية.

في عام 2016 أصدر باحثون من [[جامعة لورانس]] تصميما لفخ منخفض التكلفة يسمى أوفيلانتا والذي يتكون من الماء المثير للجذب في قسم من الإطارات المطاطية المهملة. على فترات منتظمة يتم تشغيل المياه من خلال مرشح لإزالة أي بيض أو يرقة. الماء الذي يحتوي بعد ذلك على "بيضة" فرمون المودعة خلال وضع البيض، وإعادة استخدامها لجذب المزيد من البعوض. وقد أظهرت دراستان أن هذا النوع من الفخاخ يمكن أن تجتذب حوالي سبعة أضعاف العديد من  البعوض.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadian-researchers-mosquito-trap-offers-hope-in-fight-against-zika/article29569918/ "Canadian researcher’s mosquito trap offers hope in fight against Zika spread"]. ''The Globe and Mail'', JULIEN GIGNAC, Friday, Apr. 08, 2016 {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20161007165228/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadian-researchers-mosquito-trap-offers-hope-in-fight-against-zika/article29569918/ |date=07 أكتوبر 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/04/07/a-canadian-team-is-testing-a-4-hack-to-solve-the-zika-crisis.html "A Canadian team is testing a $4 hack to solve the Zika crisis"]. ''Toronto Star'', Jennifer Yang. Apr 07 2016 {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170302184455/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/04/07/a-canadian-team-is-testing-a-4-hack-to-solve-the-zika-crisis.html |date=02 مارس 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-thursday-edition-1.3525086/how-this-canadian-designed-mosquito-trap-could-help-fight-zika-virus-1.3525095 "How this Canadian-designed mosquito trap could help fight Zika virus"]. ''CBC Radio: As it Happens'', April 07, 2016 {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171211000025/http://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-thursday-edition-1.3525086/how-this-canadian-designed-mosquito-trap-could-help-fight-zika-virus-1.3525095 |date=11 ديسمبر 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://motherboard.vice.com/read/how-canadian-scientists-plan-to-fight-zika-with-old-tires-and-stinky-milk-Laurentian-mosquito "How Canadian Scientists Plan to Fight Zika With Old Tires and Milk"]. ''Motherboard'', by Amanda Roth. April 7, 2016 {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20161117104822/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/how-canadian-scientists-plan-to-fight-zika-with-old-tires-and-stinky-milk-Laurentian-mosquito |date=17 نوفمبر 2016}}</ref>

 

* {{cite journal|url=http://gemi.mpl.ird.fr/cepm/SiteWebESS/GB/Chevillon/1999%20Chevillon%20et%20al%20Biol%20L%20Linn%20Sty.pdf|title=Population genetics of insecticide resistance in the mosquito ''Culex pipiens''|journal=[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|Biol. J. Linn. Soc.]]|issue=1–2|year=1999|volume=68|pages=147–57|format=PDF fulltext|author2=Raymond, Michel|author3=Guillemaud, Thomas|author4=Lenormand, Thomas|author5=Pasteur, Nicole|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124160833/http://gemi.mpl.ird.fr/cepm/SiteWebESS/GB/Chevillon/1999%20Chevillon%20et%20al%20Biol%20L%20Linn%20Sty.pdf|archivedate=24 November 2006|deadurl=yes|author1=Chevillon, Christine|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01163.x|df=dmy}}

<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to an article in a magazine or journal, using the provided source information (e.g. journal name, author, title, issue, URL) and various formatting options.">Cite journal</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Chevillon, Christine</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 2</span><span data-key="last2" title="The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" style="position: relative;">Raymond, Michel</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 3</span><span data-key="last3" title="The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink3'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last3" style="position: relative;">Guillemaud, Thomas</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last4" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 4</span><span data-key="last4" title="The surname of the forth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink4'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last4" style="position: relative;">Lenormand, Thomas</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last5" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 5</span><span data-key="last5" title="The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink5'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last5" style="position: relative;">Pasteur, Nicole</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; recommended only when date parameter format is YYYY-MM-DD and a CITEREF disambiguator is needed" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1999</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the article; can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in quotes." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">Population genetics of insecticide resistance in the mosquito ''Culex pipiens''</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL</span><span data-key="url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "http://..." or maybe even the &amp;nbsp;protocol relative scheme "//..."" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>http://gemi.mpl.ird.fr/cepm/SiteWebESS/GB/Chevillon/1999%20Chevillon%20et%20al%20Biol%20L%20Linn%20Sty.pdf</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="dead-url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Dead URL</span><span data-key="dead-url" title="If set to 'no', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="dead-url" style="position: relative;">yes</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="format" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Format</span><span data-key="format" title="Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="format" style="position: relative;">PDF fulltext</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="journal" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Journal</span><span data-key="journal" title="Name of the source journal; may be wikilinked; displays in italics; alias of 'work'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="journal" style="position: relative;">Biol. J. Linn. Soc.</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">Biol. J. Linn. Soc.</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Volume</span><span data-key="volume" title="For one publication published in several volumes" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" style="position: relative;">68</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="issue" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Issue</span><span data-key="issue" title="Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="issue" style="position: relative;">1–2</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="pages" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Pages</span><span data-key="pages" title="Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="pages" style="position: relative;">147–57</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="doi" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">DOI</span><span data-key="doi" title="Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="doi" style="position: relative;">10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01163.x</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive URL</span><span data-key="archive-url" title="The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20061124160833/http://gemi.mpl.ird.fr/cepm/SiteWebESS/GB/Chevillon/1999%20Chevillon%20et%20al%20Biol%20L%20Linn%20Sty.pdf</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive date</span><span data-key="archive-date" title="Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-date" style="position: relative;">24 November 2006</div></div></div></div>

<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to an article in a magazine or journal, using the provided source information (e.g. journal name, author, title, issue, URL) and various formatting options.">Cite report</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL</span><span data-key="url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>http://fmel.ifas.ufl.edu/whitep/whitep.htm</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the article; can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in quotes." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">Florida Mosquito Control: The State of the Mission as Defined by Mosquito Controllers, Regulators, and Environmental Managers</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source date</span><span data-key="date" title="Full date of the source; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="date" style="position: relative;">1998</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">University of Florida</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive URL</span><span data-key="archive-url" title="The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20040620023738/http://fmel.ifas.ufl.edu:80/whitep/whitep.htm</nowiki></div></div></div></div>

* {{cite book|author1=Durden, Lance A.|author2=Mullen, Gary L.|title=Medical and veterinary entomology|publisher=Academic Press|location=Boston|year=2002|isbn=0-12-510451-0}}

* {{cite book|author=Ware, George Whitaker|title=The pesticide book|publisher=Thomson Publications|location=Fresno, CA|year=1994|isbn=0-913702-58-7|edition=4th}}

<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">The pesticide book</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Ware, George Whitaker</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">Thomson Publications</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1994</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">0-913702-58-7</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="edition" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Edition</span><span data-key="edition" title="When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed by ' ed.'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="edition" style="position: relative;">4th</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" style="position: relative;">Fresno, CA</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, "lastn" to "firstn" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" style="position: relative;">Ware, George Whitaker</div></div></div></div>

<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to an article in a magazine or journal, using the provided source information (e.g. journal name, author, title, issue, URL) and various formatting options.">Cite report</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL</span><span data-key="url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the article; can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in quotes." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">A review of control methods for African malaria vectors</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Walker, K.</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source date</span><span data-key="date" title="Full date of the source; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="date" style="position: relative;">April 2002</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">U.S. Agency for International Development</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Volume</span><span data-key="volume" title="For one publication published in several volumes" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" style="position: relative;">108</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="format" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Format</span><span data-key="format" title="Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="format" style="position: relative;">PDF</div></div></div></div>

 

* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/09/060925065545.htm Reducing mosquito population the environmental way]

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