ماريا غراهام: الفرق بين النسختين

[نسخة منشورة][نسخة منشورة]
تم حذف المحتوى تمت إضافة المحتوى
لا ملخص تعديل
سطر 1:
{{يحرر}}
 
{{يتيمة|تاريخ=سبتمبر 2017}}
{{صندوق معلومات شخص
السطر 34 ⟵ 36:
[[File:EnglishBurialGround.jpg|thumb|The English burial ground outside Rio de Janeiro 1823. Drawing by Maria Callcott in ''Journal of a Voyage to Brazil''.]]
 
==الزواج الثاني==
==Tutor to the princess==
بعد عودتها إلى لندن، تعرّفت على رسام [[الأكاديمية الملكية للفنون]] [[أوغسطس وول كالكوت]] وأخيه الموسيقي [[جون وول كالكوت]]، وعلى رسامين وموسيقيين آخرين.
[[File:Maria, Lady Callcott by Sir Thomas Lawrence.jpg|thumb|left|1819 portrait of Graham by Sir [[Thomas Lawrence (painter)|Thomas Lawrence]]]]
أصبح مسكن ماريا نقطة محورية لمثقّفي لندن أمثال الشاعر الاسكتلندي [[توماس كامبيل]] وناشر كتبها جون موراي والمؤرّخ [[فرانسيس بالغريف]]، لكن وبسبب اهتمامها الشديد ومعرفتها بالرسم جعلاها عضوة في مجتمع الرسامين أيضاً.
In 1823, she began her journey back to Britain. She made a stop in [[البرازيل]] and was introduced to the newly appointed [[بيدرو الأول إمبراطور البرازيل]] and his family. The year before, the Brazilians had declared independence from [[البرتغال]] and had asked the resident Portuguese [[ولي عهد]] to become their emperor. It was agreed that Graham should become the tutor of the young [[ماريا الثانية ملكة البرتغال]], so when she reached London, she just handed over the manuscripts of her two new books to her publisher (''Journal of a Residence in Chile during the Year 1822. And a Voyage from Chile to Brazil in 1823'' and ''Journal of a Voyage to Brazil, and Residence There, During Part of the Years 1821, 1822, 1823'', illustrated by herself), collected suitable educational material, and returned to Brazil in 1824. She stayed in the royal palace only until October of that year, when she was asked to leave due to courtiers' suspicion of her motives and methods (courtiers seem to have feared, with some justice, that she intended to Anglicize the princess). During her few months with the royal family, she developed a close friendship with the empress, [[ماريا ليوبولدينا من النمسا]], who passionately shared her interests in the natural sciences. After leaving the palace, Graham experienced further difficulties in arranging for her transport home; unwillingly, she remained in Brazil until 1825, when she finally managed to arrange a passport and passage to England. Her treatment by palace courtiers left her with ambivalent feelings about Brazil and its government; she later recorded her version of events in her unpublished manuscript "Memoir of the Life of Don Pedro".
تزوجت ماريا غراهام من أوغسطس كالكوت في 20 شباط (فبراير) 1827. انتقل الزوجان في رحلة [[شهر عسل] امتدت لعام إلى [[إيطاليا]] و[[ألمانيا]] و[[النمسا]]، حيث درسا الفن والعمارة في هذه الدول والتقيا العديد من أشهر النقّاد والكتّاب ومتذوقي الفن في ذلك الوقت.
 
In March 1826, King [[جواو السادس]] died. His son Pedro inherited the throne, but preferred to remain Emperor of Brazil and thus abdicated the Portuguese throne in favour of his six-year-old daughter within two months.
 
==Book about HMS ''Blonde'''s famous journey==
After her return from Brazil in 1825, her publisher [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]] asked her to write a book about the famous and recently completed voyage of [[HMS Blonde (1819)|HMS ''Blonde'']] to the Sandwich Islands (as [[هاواي]] was then known). King [[Kamehameha II]] and [[Queen Kamamalu]] of Hawaii had been on a visit to London in 1824 when they both died of the [[حصبة]], against which they had no immunity. HMS ''Blonde'' was commissioned by the British Government to return their bodies to the Hawaiian Islands, with [[George Anson Byron]] in command, a cousin of poet [[جورج غوردون بايرون]]. The resulting book ''Voyage Of The H.M.S. Blonde To The Sandwich Islands, In The Years 1824-1825'' contained a history of the exotic royal couple's unfortunate visit to London, a résumé of the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands and visits by British explorers, as well as the story about ''Blonde’s'' journey. Graham wrote it with the help of official papers and journals kept by chaplain R. Rowland Bloxam; there is also a short section based on the records of naturalist [[Andrew Bloxam]].
 
==Second marriage==
When she arrived in [[لندن]], Graham had taken rooms in Kensington Gravel Pits, just south of [[Notting Hill Gate]], which was something of an artists’ enclave. There lived the [[الأكاديمية الملكية للفنون]] painter [[Augustus Wall Callcott]] and his musician brother [[John Wall Callcott]], but also painters like [[John Linnell (painter)|John Linnell]], [[David Wilkie (artist)|David Wilkie]] and [[William Mulready]], and musicians such as [[William Crotch]] (the first principal of the [[الأكاديمية الملكية للموسيقى]]) and [[William Horsley]] (John Callcott’s son-in-law). In addition, this close-knit group was frequently visited by artists like [[John Varley (painter)|John Varley]], [[Edwin Landseer]], [[جون كونستابل]] and [[تيرنر (رسام)]].
 
Graham's lodgings very quickly became a focal point for London's intellectuals, such as the Scottish poet {{Ill-WD2|توماس كامبل|id=Q1361189}}, Graham's book publisher John Murray and the historian [[Francis Palgrave]], but her keen interest and knowledge of painting (she was a skilled illustrator of her own books, and had written the book about Poussin) made it inevitable that she would quickly become part of the artists’ enclave as well.
 
Graham and Callcott married on his 48th birthday, 20 February 1827. In May of that year, the Callcotts embarked upon a year-long [[شهر عسل]] to [[إيطاليا]], [[ألمانيا]] and [[النمسا]] where they studied the art and architecture of those countries exhaustively and met many of the leading art critics, writers and connoisseurs of the time.
 
==Disability==
In 1831 Maria Callcott ruptured a blood vessel and became [[إعاقة جسدية]]. She could no longer travel, but she could continue to entertain her friends, and could continue her writing.
 
In 1828, immediately after returning from their honeymoon, she had published ''A Short History of Spain'', and in 1835 the writings during her long convalescence resulted in the publication of two books; ''Description of the chapel of the Annunziata dell’Arena; or Giotto’s Chapel in Padua'', and her first and most famous book for children, ''Little Arthur’s History of England'', which has been reprinted numerous times since then (already in 1851 the 16th edition was published, and it was last reprinted in 1975). ''Little Arthur'' was followed in 1836 by a French version; ''Histoire de France du petit Louis''.
 
==Caused geological debate==
In the mid-1830s her description of the earthquake in Chile of 1822 started a heated debate in the Geological Society, where she was caught in the middle of a fight between two rivalling schools of thought regarding earthquakes and their role in mountain building. Besides describing the earthquake in her ''Journal of a Residence in Chile'', she had also written about it in more detail in a letter to [[Henry Warburton]], who was one of the [[Geological Society]]’s founding fathers. As this was one of the first detailed eyewitness accounts by "a learned person" of an earthquake, he found it interesting enough to publish in ''Transactions of the Geological Society of London'' in 1823.
 
One of her observations had been that of large areas of land rising from the sea, and in 1830 that observation was included in the groundbreaking work ''The Principles of Geology'' by the geologist [[تشارلز لايل]], as evidence in support of his theory that mountains were formed by volcanoes and earthquakes. Four years later the president of the Society, [[George Bellas Greenough]], decided to attack Lyell’s theories. But instead of attacking Lyell directly, he did it by publicly ridiculing Maria Callcott’s observations.
 
Maria Callcott, however, was not someone who accepted ridicule. Her husband and her brother offered to duel Greenough, but she said, according to her nephew [[John Callcott Horsley]], "Be quiet, both of you, I am quite capable of fighting my own battles, and intend to do it". She went on to publish a crushing reply to Greenough, and was shortly thereafter backed by none other than [[تشارلز داروين]], who had observed the same land rising during Chile’s earthquake in 1835, aboard the [[بيغل (سفينة)]].
 
In 1837 Augustus Callcott was [[فارس (وسام)]]ed and his wife became known as Lady Callcott. Shortly afterwards her health began to deteriorate, and in 1842 she died aged 57. She continued to write until the very end, and her last book was ''A Scripture Herbal'', an illustrated collection of tidbits and anecdotes about plants and trees mentioned in the Bible, which was published the same year she died.
 
Augustus Callcott died two years later, at the age of 65, having been made [[Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures]] in 1843.
 
==تكريمها عام 2008==
السطر 73 ⟵ 48:
عند انتهاء الترميم، كشف السفير التشيلي في بريطانيا رفائيل مورينو عن لوحة تذكارية في حفل أقيم في 4 أيلول (سبتمبر) 2008 كتب عليها "ماريا كالكوت، صدقة الأمة التشيلية".
 
==Worksأعمالها==
*باسم ماريا غراهام:
*As Maria Graham:
**''Journalرحلة ofإقامة aإلى residence in Indiaالهند'' (1812) - translatedترجم إلى intoالفرنسية Frenchعام 1818
**''ذكريات الحرب الفرنسية على إسبانيا'' - ترجم إلى الفرنسية عام (1816)
**''Memoirs of the war of the French in Spain'' (by Albert Jean Rocca) - translation from French (1816)
**''Lettersرسائل onإلى India,الهند، withمع etchingsرسومات and a mapوخارطة'' (1814)
**''ذكريات حياة نيكولا بواسي'' (1820) - ترجم إلى الفرنسية عام 1821
**''Memoir of the life of Nicolas Poussin'' (1820) - translated into French 1821 (Mémoires sur la vie de Nicolas Poussin)
**[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008608747 ''Threeثلاثة monthsأشهر passedمرت inفي theالجبال mountainsشرقيّ Eastروما، ofخلال Rome, during the Yearعام 1819''] (1820) - translatedترجم إلى intoالفرنسية Frenchعام 1822
**''Journalنشرة ofالإقامة aفي residenceتشيلي inخلال Chile during the yearعام 1822; and a voyageورحلة fromمن Chileتشيلي toإلى Brazilالبرازيل inعام 1823'' (1824)
**[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001465400 ''Journalنشرة ofرحلة aإلى voyageالبرازيل، toوالإقامة Brazil,هناك andخلال residenceأجزاء there,من duringالأعوام part1821، of the years 1821, 1822,1822، 1823''] (1824)
**''Voyageرحلة ofإتش theإم H.M.S.إس Blondeبلوند toإلى theجزر Sandwichساندويش Islands,في in the yearsالأعوام 1824-1825'' - (1826)
*باسم ماريا كالكوت، أو ليدي كالكوت:
*As Maria Callcott or Lady Callcott:
**[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006547768 ''Aتاريخ shortموجز history of Spainلإسبانيا''] (1828)
**[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100236960 ''Description of the chapel of the Annunziata dell'Arena; or, Giotto's chapel in Padua''] (1835)
**[https://archive.org/details/littlearthurshi00arthgoog ''Littleتاريخ Arthur'sموجز history of Englandلبريطانيا''](1835)
**''Histoire de France du petit Louis'' (1836)
**[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008633195 ''Essaysمقالات towardsفي theتاريخ history of paintingالرسم''] (1836)
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=_GZiAAAAcAAJ ''Theحارقات littleالأجمة bracken-burners,الصغيرة، aحكاية؛ tale;وأيام andالسبت Littleالأربعة Mary's four Saturdaysلماري''] (1841)
**''Aعشبة scriptureالكتاب herbalالمقدس'' (1842)
 
==Sources==
*''Recollections of a Royal Academician'' by John Callcott Horsley. 1903
*[http://www.ctraa.co.uk/page2/page2/page2c_files/The%20Cherry%20Tree%202004-2.pdf ''The Cherry Tree'' No. 2, 2004]{{وصلة مكسورة|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, published by the Cherry Tree Residents' Amenities Association in Kensington, London
 
==Notesملاحظات==
{{ملاحظات|2}}
 
==Referencesالمراجع==
{{مراجع|2}}
 
==وصلات خارجية==
==External links==
{{تصنيف كومنز|Maria Graham}}
* {{مؤلف غوتنبرغ| id=Callcott,+Maria,+Lady | name=Maria Callcott}}