لاسلطوية: الفرق بين النسختين

تعرف '''اللاسلطوية''' {{إنج|Anarchism}} (يطلق على أتباعها اسم '''اللاسلطويون''' أو '''الفوضويون''') عمومًا بأنها [[فلسفة السياسة|فلسفة سياسية]] تتهم [[دولة|الدولة]] [[أخلاق|باللاأخلاقية]]، <ref name="definition">

{{Cite journal|last=مالاتيستا|first=إريكو|title=نحو اللاسلطوية|journal=مان!|publisher=مجموعة سان فرانسيسكو الدولية|location=لوس أنجلوس|oclc=3930443|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/malatesta/1930s/xx/toanarchy.htm|authorlink=إريكو ملاتيستا}}

{{مرجع كتاب| الأخير = ماكلالين| الأول = بول| العنوان = اللاسلطوية والسلطة | الناشر = آشغيت| مكان = ألدرشوت| سنة = 2007 | الرقم المعياري = 0-7546-6196-2 |الصفحة=59}}

{{مرجع كتاب| الأخير = جونستون | الأول = ر. | العنوان = قاموس الجغرافيا الإنسانية | الناشر = بلاكويل بابليشرز| مكان = كامبريدج| سنة = 2000 | الرقم المعياري = 0-631-20561-6 |الصفحة=24}}</ref><ref name=slevin>كارل سليفن. "لاسلطوية" ''قاموس أكسفورد الموجز في السياسة''. إد. إيان مكلين وأليستر مكميلان. منشورات جامعة أكسفورد، 2003.</ref> أو بدلًا من ذلك تعارض السلطة في تسيير العلاقات الإنسانية.<ref name="iaf-ifa.org">"The [[International of Anarchist Federations|IAF - IFA]] fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual."[http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html "Principles of The [[International of Anarchist Federations]]"]</ref><ref>"Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." [[إيما جولدمان]]. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in ''[[Anarchism and Other Essays]]''.</ref><ref>Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, — follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so f ar as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of the socialism off Karl Marg." [[Benjamin Tucker]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html ''Individual Liberty.'']</ref><ref name="Ward 1966">{{مرجع ويب|المسار=http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html|الأخير=Ward|الأول=Colin|السنة=1966|العنوان=Anarchism as a Theory of Organization|تاريخ الوصول=1 March 2010}}</ref><ref>Anarchist historian [[جورج وودكوك]] report of [[ميخائيل باكونين]]´s anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."</ref><ref>{{مرجع كتاب|الأخير=Brown |الأول=L. Susan |chapter=Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism |العنوان=The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism |الناشر=Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing |سنة= 2002 |الصفحة=106}}</ref> يدعو أنصار اللاسلطوية (اللاسلطويون) إلى [[مجتمع من دون دولة|مجتمعات من دون دولة]] مبنية على أساس [[جمعية تطوعية|جمعيات تطوعية]] <ref>"ANARCHISM, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man’s natural social tendencies." George Woodcock. "Anarchism" at The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref><ref>"In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin___Anarchism__from_the_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.html [[بيوتر كروبوتكين]]. “Anarchism” from the Encyclopaedia Britannica]</ref> [[سلسلة مراتب|غير هرمية]].<ref name="iaf-ifa.org"/><ref>"That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organization and preaches free agreement — at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist." [[بيوتر كروبوتكين]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Anarchism__its_philosophy_and_ideal.html Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal]</ref><ref>"anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy — hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__An_Anarchist_FAQ__03_17_.html#toc2 "B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?" in [[An Anarchist FAQ]]]</ref>

== لمحة عامة ==

هناك أنواع وتقاليد عديدة من اللاسلطوية ولا يعد أي منها حصريًا.<ref>{{مرجع كتاب|الأخير=Sylvan |الأول=Richard |chapter=Anarchism |العنوان=A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy |editors=Goodwin, Robert E. and Pettit |الناشر=Philip. Blackwell Publishing |سنة=1995 |الصفحة=231}}</ref> قد تختلف [[مدارس الفكر اللاسلطوي]] جوهريًا، وقد تدعم أي شيء من النزعة الفردية المتطرفة إلى الشمولية التامة.<ref name=slevin/> قسمت النزعات اللاسلطوية إلى فئات [[لاسلطوية اشتراكية]] و[[لاسلطوية فردية|فردية]] أو تصنيفات مزدوجة مشابهة.<ref name="black dict">[[Geoffrey Ostergaard|Ostergaard, Geoffrey]]. "Anarchism". ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought''. Blackwell Publishing. p. 14.</ref><ref name=socind>{{مرجع كتاب|وصلة المؤلف=Peter Kropotkin |الأخير=Kropotkin |الأول=Peter |العنوان=Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings |الناشر=Courier Dover Publications |سنة=2002 |الصفحة=5|الرقم المعياري=0-486-41955-X}}{{Cite journal|author=R.B. Fowler|title=The Anarchist Tradition of Political Thought|year=1972|journal=Western Political Quarterly|volume=25|issue=4|pages=738–752|doi=10.2307/446800|publisher=University of Utah|jstor=446800}}</ref> تعتبر اللاسلطوية غالبًا فكرًا [[يسارية|يساريًا]] متطرفًا، <ref name=brooks>{{مرجع كتاب|quote=Usually considered to be an extreme left-wing ideology, anarchism has always included a significant strain of radical individualism, from the hyperrationalism of Godwin, to the egoism of Stirner, to the libertarians and anarcho-capitalists of today |الأخير=Brooks |الأول=Frank H. |سنة=1994 |العنوان=The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908) |الناشر=Transaction Publishers |الصفحة=xi|الرقم المعياري=1-56000-132-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Joseph Kahn|title= Anarchism, the Creed That Won't Stay Dead; The Spread of World Capitalism Resurrects a Long-Dormant Movement |year=2000|journal=[[نيويورك تايمز]]|issue=5 August}}{{Cite journal|author=Colin Moynihan |title=Book Fair Unites Anarchists. In Spirit, Anyway|year=2007|journal=New York Times|issue=16 April}}</ref> حيث يعكس جزء كبير من [[اقتصاديات لاسلطوية|الاقتصاديات اللاسلطوية]] و[[قانون لاسلطوي|الفلسفة القانونية]] تفسيرات اقتصادية [[شيوعية لاسلطوية|شيوعية]] أو [[لاسلطوية جمعية|شمولية]] أو [[لاسلطوية نقابية|نقابية عمالية]] أو [[اقتصاديات المشاركة|تشاركية]] [[ضد دويلاتية|مضادة للدولة]]. مع ذلك، فقد شملت الفوضوية دائمًا [[لاسلطوية فردية|فكرًا فرديًا]] يدعم [[اقتصاد السوق]] و[[ملكية خاصة|الملكية الخاصة]] أو [[لاسلطوية أنانية|الأنانية]] المنفلتة أخلاقيًا.<ref>{{مرجع كتاب|الأخير=Stringham |الأول=Edward |chapter= |العنوان=Anarchy and the Law. The Political Economy of Choice. |ssrn=1768172 |editors=Stringham, Edward |الناشر=Transaction Publishers |سنة=2007 |الصفحة=720}}</ref><ref>[[Jan Narveson|Narveson, Jan]] (2002). [http://books.google.es/books?id=a6hBXZOepB4C&pg=PA186&dq=free-market+anarchism&as_brr=3 Respecting Persons in Theory and Practice. Chapter 11: Anarchist's Case]. "To see this, of course, we must expound the moral outlook underlying anarchism. To do this we must first make an important distinction between two general options in anarchist theory [...] The two are what we may call, respectively, the socialist versus the free-market, or capitalist, versions."</ref><ref name="tormey">Tormey, Simon, Anti-Capitalism, A Beginner's Guide, Oneworld Publications, 2004, pp. 118–119.</ref> قد يكون بعض اللاسلطويين الفرديين أيضًا [[اشتراكية|اشتراكيين]] أو [[شيوعية|شيوعيين]] في حين أن بعض اللاسلطويين الشيوعيين قد يكونون فرديين أو أنانيين.<ref>"This stance puts him squarely in the libertarian socialist tradition and, unsurprisingly, [[Benjamin Tucker|(Benjamin) Tucker]] referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "Anarchistic socialism." "''[[An Anarchist FAQ]]''by Various Authors</ref><ref>"Because revolution is the fire of our will and a need of our solitary minds; it is an obligation of the libertarian aristocracy. To create new ethical values. To create new aesthetic values. To communalize material wealth. To individualize spiritual wealth." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Renzo_Novatore__Toward_the_Creative_Nothing.html [[Renzo Novatore]]. ''Toward the Creative Nothing'']</ref> بينما بعض اللاسلطويين الشيوعيين أيضًا فرديون.<ref name="bobblack">[[Post-left anarchy|Post-left]] anarcho-communist [[Bob Black]] after analysing [[Insurrectionary anarchism|insurrectionary]] anarcho-communist [[Luigi Galleani]]'s view on anarcho-communism went as far as saying that "communism is the final fulfillment of [[فردانية]].... The apparent contradiction between individualism and communism rests on a misunderstanding of both.... Subjectivity is also objective: the individual really is subjective. It is nonsense to speak of 'emphatically prioritizing the social over the individual'.... You may as well speak of prioritizing the chicken over the egg. Anarchy is a 'method of individualization'. It aims to combine the greatest individual development with the greatest communal unity."[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Bob_Black__Nightmares_of_Reason.html#toc22 Bob Black. ''Nightmares of Reason''.]</ref><ref name="dwardmac.pitzer.edu">"Modern Communists are more individualistic than Stirner. To them, not merely religion, morality, family and State are spooks, but property also is no more than a spook, in whose name the individual is enslaved - and how enslaved!...Communism thus creates a basis for the liberty and Eigenheit of the individual. I am a Communist because I am an Individualist. Fully as heartily the Communists concur with Stirner when he puts the word take in place of demand - that leads to the dissolution of property, to expropriation. Individualism and Communism go hand in hand."[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/goldman/ME/mev2n3.html#142 [[Max Baginski]]. "Stirner: The Ego and His Own" on ''[[Mother Earth (magazine)|Mother Earth]]''. Vol. 2. No. 3 MAY, 1907]</ref>