مستخدمة:Mervat/ملعب: الفرق بين النسختين

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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 15px; text-shadow: silver 0.2em 0.2em 0.1em;"> '''[[مستخدمة:Mervat Salman|<font color="C71585">'''Mervat Salman''']]''' </span> <font face="MCS Quds SU normal" size="3">'''[[نقاش المستخدمة:Mervat Salman|<font color="4682B4">'''<sub>ناقش</sub>''']] '''</font> 07:06، 2 مايو 2017 (ت ع م)
 
 
الجدول الزمني ل[[تاريخ الطب]] و[[تقانة طبية|التقانة الطبية]].{{Efn|التواريخ المحددة لهذه الأعمال الطبية غير دقيقة. [http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Hindu_Culture2.htm تقدير للهندوسية] تشير إلى أن سوشروتا عاش في القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد.}}
 
== العصور القديمة==
* 3300 ق.م. – أثناء [[عصر حجري|العصر الحجري]]، استخدم الأطباء الأوائل أشكالاً بدائية من ممارسات ال[[تداوي بالأعشاب]].<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر|title = Lessons in Iceman's Prehistoric Medicine Kit|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/08/science/lessons-in-iceman-s-prehistoric-medicine-kit.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 1998-12-08|access-date = 2015-12-07|issn = 0362-4331|first = John Noble|last = Wilford}}</ref>
* 3000 ق.م. – [[أيورفيدا]] تعود أصول أورفيدا إلى حوالي عام 4000 قبل الميلاد.<ref name="book9781464967566">{{مرجع كتاب|title=Issues in Pharmaceuticals by Disease, Disorder, or Organ System: 2011 Edition|isbn=9781464967566|pages=P|edition=2011|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Issues_in_Pharmaceuticals_by_Disease_Dis.html?id=XbhvXzqwCRsC&redir_esc=y}}</ref>
* c.2600 ق.م. – [[إمحوتب]] الطبيب الكاهن الذي تم تأليهه لاحقاً على أنه إله الطب المصري.<ref name="MagillAves1998" /><ref>{{مرجع ويب|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/imhotep?showCookiePolicy=true|title=Imhotep|accessdate=December 30, 2015|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref>
* 2500 ق.م. – [[Iry]] Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as [eye-doctor of the palace,] [palace physician of the belly,] [guardian of the royal bowels,] and [he who prepares the important medicine (name cannot be translated) and knows the inner juices of the body.]<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* 1900 ق.م. – 1600 ق.م. [[لغة أكدية]] clay tablets on medicine survive primarily as copies from [[آشوربانيبال]]'s library at [[نينوى]].<ref name="ColónColón1999" />
* 1800 ق.م. – [[شريعة حمورابي]] حدّدت رسوماً للجراحين وعقوبات على سوء الممارسة<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* 1800 ق.م. – [[بردية كاهون]]
* 1600 ق.م. – [[Hearst papyrus]], coprotherapy والسحر<ref name="Loudon2001" />
* 1551 ق.م. – [[بردية إبيرس]], coprotherapy and magic<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
* 1500 ق.م. – [[زعفران]] used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
* 1500 ق.م. – [[بردية إدوين سميث]], an Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise (no true surgery) no magic<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* 1300 ق.م. – [[برديات بروغش]] و[[برديات لندن الطبية]]
* 1250 ق.م. – [[أسقليبيوس]]<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* القرن التاسع - [[هسيود]] reports an ontological conception of disease via the [[باندورا]] myth. Disease has a "life" of its own but is of divine origin.<ref name="Loudon2001">{{مرجع كتاب|last=Loudon|first=Irvine|title=Western Medicine: An Illustrated History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJEWZq0bq8kC|accessdate=16 December 2013|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199248131}}</ref>
* القرن الثامن – [[هوميروس]] tells that [[Polydamna]] supplied the Greek forces besieging [[طروادة]] with healing drugs Homer also tells about battlefield surgery [[Idomeneus]] tells [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] after Machaon had fallen: ''A surgeon who can cut out an arrow and heal the wound with his ointments is worth a regiment''.<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* 700 ق.م. – [[كنيدوس]] medical school; also one at [[كوس (جزيرة)]]
* 500 ق.م. – [[دارا الأول]] orders the restoration of the ''House of Life'' (First record of a (much older) medical school)<ref name="Silverberg1967" />{{Rp|47}}
* 500 ق.م. – [[Bian Que]] becomes the earliest physician known to use [[الوخز بالإبر]] and pulse diagnosis
* 500 ق.م. – the [[ساسروتا سامهيتا]] is published, laying the framework for [[أيورفيدا]]
* c. 490 – c. 430 [[إيمبيدوكليس]] four elements<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
* 510–430 ق.م. – [[ألكمايون الكروتوني]] scientific anatomic dissections. He studied the optic nerves and the brain, arguing that the brain was the seat of the senses and intelligence. He distinguished veins from the arteries and had at least vague understanding of the circulation of the blood.<ref name="Silverberg1967" /> Variously described by modern scholars as ''Father of Anatomy''; ''Father of Physiology''; ''Father of Embryology''; ''Father of Psychology''; ''Creator of Psychiatry''; ''Founder of Gynecology''; and as the ''Father of Medicine'' itself.<ref name="Harris1973">{{مرجع كتاب|last=Harris|first=Charles Reginald Schiller|title=The heart and the vascular system in ancient Greek medicine, from Alcmaeon to Galen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--dqAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=19 August 2012|year=1973|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> There is little evidence to support the claims but he is, nonetheless, important.<ref name="Longrigg1993">{{مرجع كتاب|last=Longrigg|first=James|title=Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the Alexandrians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT5lzingflYC|accessdate=19 August 2012|date=1993-07-28|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415025942}}</ref><ref name="Magill2003">{{مرجع كتاب|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyKaVFZqbdUC|title=Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World|last=Magill|first=Frank N.|date=2003-01-23|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781579580407|accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref>
* fl. 425 ق.م. [[ديوجانس الأبولوني]]<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
* 484 – 425 ق.م. [[هيرودوت]] tells us Egyptian doctors were specialists: ''Medicine is practiced among them on a plan of separation; each physician treats a single disorder, and no more. Thus the country swarms with medical practitioners, some undertaking to cure diseases of the eye, others of the head, others again of the teeth, others of the intestines,and some those which are not local.''<ref name="Silverberg1967">{{مرجع كتاب|last=Silverberg|first=Robert|title=The dawn of medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IyFf8j7JrUC|accessdate=18 August 2012|year=1967|publisher=Putnam}}</ref>
* 496–405 ق.م. – [[سوفوكليس]] "It is not a learned physician who sings incantations over pains which should be cured by cutting."<ref name="Carrick2001">{{مرجع كتاب|last=Carrick|first=Paul|title=Medical Ethics in the Ancient World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcj1hq1nFWsC|accessdate=19 August 2012|year=2001|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=9780878408498}}</ref>
* 420 ق.م. – [[أبقراط]] maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the [[قسم أبقراط الطبي]]. Origin of rational medicine.