مدرسة المعداد: الفرق بين النسختين
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ط بوت: وسوم صيانة، أضاف مقالة غير مراجعة |
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سطر 1:
{{مقالة غير مراجعة|تاريخ=مايو 2013}}
'''المعداد''' (Abacus) لفظ يشير إلى عمليات الحساب، خاصة مادة الحسابات المباشرة باستخدام الأعداد [[الهندية]] دون الاستعانة بـ [[المعداد]] (وهو أداة للحساب).<ref>[[Leonardo Fibonacci]]. “Fibonacci’s [[Liber Abaci]]: Leonardo Pisano’s Book of Calculation”. Contributor Laurence Edward Sigler. [1202]. Springer. 2003. Page 4.</ref>
السطر 21 ⟵ 22:
* Baron, Hans. “The Social Background of Political Liberty in the Early Italian Renaissance”. Comparative Studies in Society and History. Vol. 2. No. 4. Cambridge University Press. July 1960. Page 440.
* Fibonacci, Leonardo. “Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci: Leonardo Pisano’s Book of Calculation”. Contributor Laurence Edward Sigler. [1202]. Springer. 2003. Page 4.
* Grendler, Paul F. “Schooling in Renaissance Italy Literacy and Learning, 1300-1600”. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. Pages 2, 5, 19, 12-13, 15&ndash;17, 22, 30&ndash;31, 33&ndash;34, 36, 41, 104.
* Michael of Rhodes Project Team, Dibner Institute, and WGBH Interactive. [http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/michaelofrhodes/index.html "Michael of Rhodes: A Medieval Mariner and His Manuscript".] Institute and Museum of the History of Science. 2005. Sunday, March 23, 2008.
* Radford, Luis. “On the Epistemological Limits of Language: Mathematical Knowledge and Social Practice During the Renaissance”. Educational Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 52. No. 2. Springer. 2003. Pages 127-129, 131.
* Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. “Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pages 119-124.
* Yerkes, Robert M. “The Use of Roman Numerals”. Science. New series. Vol. 20. No. 505. American Association for the Advancement of Science. September 2, 1904. Pages 309-310.
السطر 37 ⟵ 32:
* Black, Robert. “Italian Renaissance Education: Changing Perspectives and Continuing Controversies”. Journal of the History of Ideas. Vol. 52. No. 2. University of Pennsylvania Press. April – June 1991.
* Carruthers, Bruce G. and Espeland, Wendy Nelson. “Double Entry Bookkeeping and the Rhetoric of Economic Rationality”. The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 97. No. 1. The University of Chicago Press. July, 1991.
* Hanlon, Gregory. “Early Modern Italy: A comprehensive bibliography of works in English and French”. 9th ed. Baroque History Enterprises. Canada. December 2005.
* Høyrup, Jens. “Practitioners – school teachers – “mathematicians”: The divisions of pre-Modern mathematics and its actors”. Contribution to the conference Writing and Rewriting the History of Science 1900–2000. 5&ndash;11 September 2003.
* Jones, Phillip S. “The History of Mathematical Education”. The American Mathematical Monthly. Vol. 74, No. 1. Part 2. Fiftieth Anniversary Issue. Mathematical Association of America. January, 1967.
* Kraemer, Joel L. “Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: A Preliminary Study”. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 104. No. 1. Studies in Islam and the Ancient Near East Dedicated to Franz Rosenthal. American Oriental Society. January – March 1984.
* Little, Charles E. “The Italians and Their Schools”. Peabody Journal of Education. Vol. 10. No. 4. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (Taylor & Francis Group). January 1933.
السطر 54 ⟵ 43:
* Carson, Stephen W. [http://blog.mises.org/archives/005091.asp "Fibonacci and Mises".] Online Posting. Mises Economics Blog. Ludwig von Mises Institute. May 25, 2006. Sunday, March 23, 2008.
* [http://didyouknow.org/decimal/ "Mathematical decimal system introduced in 4BC".] Did You Know?. Sunday, March 23, 2008.
* Trabia, Carlo. [http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art215.htm ''Arabic Numerals In Sicily.] Best of Sicily Magazine.'' 2006. Sunday, March 23, 2008.
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