رجل: الفرق بين النسختين

[نسخة منشورة][نسخة منشورة]
تم حذف المحتوى تمت إضافة المحتوى
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ط بوت: تهذيب/وسوم صيانة
سطر 88:
[[ملف:Pope Benedictus XVI january,20 2006 (2) mod.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI]] was the leader of the [[الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية]], a position that is reserved for men only.]]
 
Well into prehistoric culture, men are believed to have assumed a variety of social and cultural roles which are likely similar across many groups of humans. In hunter-gatherer societies, men were often if not exclusively responsible for all large game killed, the capture and raising of most or all domesticated animals, the building of permanent shelters, the defense of villages, and other tasks where the male physique and strong spatial-cognition were most useful.{{بحاجة لمصدر|dateتاريخ=Augustأغسطس 2011}} Some anthropologists believe that it may have been men who led the Neolithic Revolution and became the first pre-historical ranchers, as a possible result of their intimate knowledge of animal life.{{بحاجة لمصدر|dateتاريخ=August 2011}}
 
Throughout history, the roles of men have changed greatly. As societies have moved away from agriculture as a primary source of jobs, the emphasis on male physical ability has waned. Traditional gender roles for working men typically involved jobs emphasizing moderate to hard manual labor (see [[عامل (مهنة)|عامل]]), often with no hope for increase in wage or position. For poorer men among the working classes, the need to support their families, especially during periods of industrial change and economic decline, forced them to stay in dangerous jobs working long arduous hours, often without retirement. Many industrialized countries have seen a shift to jobs which are less physically demanding, with a general reduction in the percentage of manual labor needed in the work force (see [[عمال الياقات البيضاء]]). The male goal in these circumstances is often of pursuing a quality [[education]] and securing a dependable, often office-environment, source of income.
سطر 94:
[[ملف:Five Presidents Oval Office.jpg|thumb|200px|[[United States President]]s [[جورج بوش الأب]], [[باراك أوباما]], [[جورج دبليو بوش]], [[بيل كلينتون]], and [[جيمي كارتر]]. While no law reserves the Presidency for men, all United States Presidents have been men thus far.]]
 
The [[Men's Movement]] is in part a struggle for the recognition of equality of opportunity with women, and for equal rights irrespective of gender, even if special relations and conditions are willingly incurred under the form of partnership involved in marriage. The difficulties of obtaining this recognition are due to the habits and customs recent history has produced. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement in recent decades, men in some societies now compete with women for jobs that traditionally excluded women. Some larger corporations have instituted tracking systems to try to ensure that jobs are filled based on merit and not just on traditional gender selection. Assumptions and expectations based on sex roles both benefit and harm men in Western society (as they do women, but in different ways) in the workplace as well as on the topics of education, violence, health care, politics, and fatherhood - to name a few. Research has identified anti-male sexism in some areas which can result in what appear to be unfair advantages given to women.{{بحاجة لمصدر|dateتاريخ=Novemberنوفمبر 2014}}
 
The [[Gender role#Talcott Parsons' view|Parsons model]] was used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of barriers between gender roles.<ref>Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.</ref> The examples are based on the context of the culture and [[infrastructure]] of the United States. However, these extreme positions are rarely found in reality; actual behavior of individuals is usually somewhere between these poles. The most common 'model' followed in real life in the United States and [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]] is the 'model of double burden'.{{بحاجة لتوضيح|date=August 2011}}
سطر 140:
== مراجع ==
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{{تصنيف كومنز|Men}}
 
{{ويكاموس}}
{{ضبط استنادي}}
{{شريط بوابات|علم الأحياء|علم الجنس|الرجل}}
 
{{تصنيف كومنز|Men}}
{{ضبط استنادي}}
 
[[تصنيف:رجال]]