العصر الحديث: الفرق بين النسختين

لخص كارل ماركس (Karl Marx) منهجه في التاريخ والسياسة في السطر الافتتاحي في الفصل الأول من البيان الشيوعي ([[1848|1848م]]). وكتب : تاريخ كل المجتمع المتواجد حاليًا هو تاريخ الطبقة المكافحة .<ref>In the 1888 English edition of the Communist Manifest, [[Friedrichفريدريك Engelsإنجلز]] added a footnote with the commentary: "That is, all written history. In 1847, the prehistory of society, the social organization existing previous to recorded history, was all but unknown. Since then Haxthausen discovered common ownership of land In Russia, Maurer concluded it to be the social foundation from which all Teutonic races started in history, and by and by village communities were found to be, or to have been, the primitive form of society everywhere from India to Ireland. The Inner organization of this primitive Communistic society was laid bare, In its typical form, by Morgan's work on the true nature of the gens and Its relation to the tribe. With the dissolution of these primaeval communities society begins to be differentiated into separate and finally antagonistic classes. I have attempte to retrace this process of dissolution in "''[[Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats]]''"", from Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, Leon Trotsky, and Karl Marx. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dEyEzazZKwIC&pg=PA46 The Communist Manifesto and Its Relevance for Today]''. Chippendale, N.S.W.: Resistance Books, 1998. p. 46, see also ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=p7s0oTEWB_MC&pg=PA204 Cornelius Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings]''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. p. 204</ref> البيان الرسمي ذهب من خلال عدد من الطبعات من [[1872|1872م]] حتى [[1890|1890م]]: الجدير بالذكر أن مقدمات جديدة كتبت بواسطة ماركس و إنجلز (Marx and Engels) لطبعة الألمان عام [[1872|1872م]]، والطبعة الروسية عام [[1882|1882م]]، والطبعة الألمانية عام [[1883|1883م]]، والطبعة الأمريكيةعام [[1888|1888م]]. حددت الماركسية بشكل عام خمسة مراحل تطوير متعاقبة (ومرحلة انتقالية واحدة) في أوروبا الغربية .<ref>Marx makes no claim to have produced a master key to history. Historical materialism is not "an historico-philosophic theory of the marche generale imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself". (Marx, Karl, Letter to editor of the Russian paper ''Otetchestvennye Zapiskym'', 1877) His ideas, he explains, are based on a concrete study of the actual conditions that pertained in Europe.</ref>

The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Armistice]] in 1918. The [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]], led by the [[Britain in World War I|British Empire]], [[French Third Republic|France]], Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the [[Central Powers]], led by the [[Germanالإمبراطورية Empireالألمانية]], [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The war caused the disintegration of four empires—the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones—as well as radical change in the European and Middle Eastern maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are sometimes referred to as the [[Triple Entente]], and the Central Powers are sometimes referred to as the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]].