سلالة تانغ الحاكمة: الفرق بين النسختين

[نسخة منشورة][نسخة منشورة]
تم حذف المحتوى تمت إضافة المحتوى
روبوت - اضافة لشريط البوابات : التاريخ (46878)
ZkBot (نقاش | مساهمات)
سطر 49:
|stat_area4 =
|stat_pop4 = 80,000,000
|today = {{flag|China}}<br />{{Flag|Vietnam}}<br />{{Flag|Mongolia}}<br />{{Flag|North Korea}}<br />{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />{{Flag|Uzbekistan}}<br />{{Flag|Tajikistan}}<br />{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />{{Flag|Russia}}<br />{{Flag|Laos}}
|footnotes=<sup> </sup>إنقطع حكم سلالة تانغ لفترة قصيرة من الزمن لما استولت الإمبراطورة [[وو شتيان]] على العرش معلنةً سلالة شو الثانية من 8
إكتوبر 690 إلى 3 مارس 705).
سطر 60:
إلى حد بعيد، كان عصر سلالة تانج عصر تقدم واستقرار، ما عدا فترة تمرد آن لوشان وتراخي السلطة المركزية في النصف الأخير من عمر السلالة. ومثل مملكة سوي السابقة، أبقت سلالة تانج على نظام الخدمة المدنية الذي يقوم على توظيف مسؤولين من خلال اختبارات قياسية والتوصيات لتولي المناصب. ولكن انهار هذا النظام المدني عند نشأة الحكام العسكريين على الأقاليم والمعروفين باسم جيدوشي في القرن التاسع. الحضارة الصينية ازدهرت ونضجت أثناء عصر سلالة تانج، ويعتبر هذا العصر من أعظم عصور الشعر الصيني.{{sfn|Yu|1998|pp=73–87}} وينتمي اثنان من أشهر شعراء الصين، [[لي باي]] و[[دو فو]], إلى هذا العصر، وينتمي إليه كذلك العديد من أشهر الرسامين مثل هان جان وتشانغ شوان, وزوو فانج. وكانت هناك مجموعة غنية من الأدب التاريخي الذي قام بتجميعه مجموعة من العلماء، بالإضافة إلى موسوعات وأعمال جغرافية.
 
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== المراجع ==
سطر 69:
 
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* {{citation|last=Xu|first=Daoxun|others=''et al.''|title=TheTurkic Biographypeoples of Tang Xuanzong(突厥史)|year=19931992|publisher=People's Press中国社会科学出版社|location=Beijing|isbn=7-015004-0012100432-58}}
* {{citation|last=Yu|first=Pauline|chapter=Charting the Landscape of Chinese Poetry|title=Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR)|month=December|year=1998|pages=71–87}}
*{{citation|title=Turkic peoples (突厥史)|year=1992|publisher=中国社会科学出版社|location=Beijing|isbn=7-5004-0432-8}}
* ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vols. [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷182|182]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷183|183]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷184|184]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷185|185]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷186|186]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷187|187]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷188|188]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷189|189]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷190|190]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷191|191]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷192|192]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷193|193]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷194|194]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷195|195]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷196|196]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷197|197]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷198|198]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷199|199]].
*{{citation|last=Yu|first=Pauline|chapter=Charting the Landscape of Chinese Poetry|title=Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR)|month=December|year=1998|pages=71–87}}
*''Zizhi Tongjian'', vols. [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷182|182]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷183|183]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷184|184]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷185|185]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷186|186]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷187|187]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷188|188]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷189|189]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷190|190]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷191|191]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷192|192]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷193|193]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷194|194]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷195|195]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷196|196]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷197|197]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷198|198]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷199|199]].
{{Refend}}
 
== قراءات أخرى ==
* {{citation|last=SchaferAbramson|first=EdwardMarc HS.|title=TheEthnic VermilionIdentity Bird:in T’angTang Images of the SouthChina|year=19672008|publisher=University of CaliforniaPennsylvania Press |location=Berkeley and Los AngelesPhiladelphia|isbn=978-0-8122-4052-8|ref=none}}
 
* {{citation|last=AbramsonCotterell|first=Marc S.Arthur|title=EthnicThe IdentityImperial inCapitals Tangof China: An Inside View of the Celestial Empire|year=20082007|publisher=University of Pennsylvania PressPimlico|location=PhiladelphiaLondon|isbn=978-01-812284595-4052009-85|ref=none}}
* {{citation|last=CotterellChen|first=ArthurGuocan|titlechapter=TheHebei ImperialSanzhen Capitals(Three Jiedushi of China: An Inside ViewHebei)|title=Encyclopedia of the Celestial EmpireChina|yearedition=20071st|publisherurl=Pimlico|locationhttp://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=London|isbn51439&Query=978-1-84595-009-5|ref=none}}
* {{citation|last=Chen|first=GuocanZhen|chapter=Hebei Sanzhen (Three Jiedushi of Hebei)|title=Encyclopedia of China|edition=1st|url=http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=51439&Query=151618|ref=none}}
* {{citation|last=Chende la Vaissière|first=Zhen|chapter=JiedushiE.|title=EncyclopediaSogdian ofTraders. A ChinaHistory|editionyear=1st2005|urlpublisher=http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?IDBrill|location=Leiden|isbn=5161890-04-14252-5|ref=none}}
* {{citation|last=de la VaissièreSchafer|first=EEdward H.|title=SogdianThe Traders.Vermilion ABird: HistoryT’ang Images of the South|year=20051967|publisher=BrillUniversity of California Press |location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-14252-5Berkeley and Los Angeles|ref=none}}
*{{citation|last=Schafer|first=Edward H.|title=The Vermilion Bird: T’ang Images of the South|year=1967|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|ref=none}}
 
== وصلات خارجية ==
* [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/classical_imperial_china/tang.html The Tang Dynasty], Minnesota State University Emuseum
 
* [http://www.mnsumetmuseum.eduorg/emuseumtoah/prehistory/china/classical_imperial_chinahd/tang/hd_tang.htmlhtm The Tang Dynasty], Minnesotaat the Metropolitan StateMuseum Universityof EmuseumArt
* [http://wwwetext.metmuseumvirginia.orgedu/toahchinese/hd/tang/hd_tangframe.htm TheHome of 300 Tang DynastyPoems], at the Metropolitan MuseumUniversity of ArtVirginia
* [http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-tang.cfm Tang art with video commentary], from the Minneapolis Institute of Arts
*[http://etext.virginia.edu/chinese/frame.htm Home of 300 Tang Poems], University of Virginia
* [http://www.xabusiness.com/china-resources/sui-tang-chinese-paintings.htm Paintings of Sui and Tang dynasties]
*[http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-tang.cfm Tang art with video commentary], from the Minneapolis Institute of Arts
*[http://www.xabusiness.com/china-resources/sui-tang-chinese-paintings.htm Paintings of Sui and Tang dynasties]
{{شريط بوابات|الصين|التاريخ}}
 
{{تصنيف كومنز|Tang Dynasty}}
 
[[تصنيف:أسرة تانغ|أسرة تانغ]]
[[تصنيف:أسر صينية]]
[[تصنيف:أنظمة ملكية سابقة في آسيا]]
[[تصنيف:إمبراطوريات سابقة]]
[[تصنيف:تأسيسات سنة 618]]
[[تصنيف:تاريخ الصين]]
[[تصنيف:دول انتهت في القرن 10]]
[[تصنيف:إمبراطورياتدول سابقة في التاريخ الصيني]]
[[تصنيف:أنظمة ملكية سابقة في آسيا]]
[[تصنيف:أسر صينية]]
[[تصنيف:تاريخ الصين]]
[[تصنيف:أسرة تانغ| ]]