كمون كهربائي: الفرق بين النسختين

 

:<math>\oint_S\vec{E} \cdot\mathrm{d}\vec{A} = \frac{1}{\varepsilon_0}\,Q_{enclosed}=\int_V{\rho\over\varepsilon_0}\cdot\operatorname{d}^3 r,</math>

 

where <math> \operatorname{d}^3 r =\mathrm{d}x \ \mathrm{d}y \ \mathrm{d}z </math> is a volume element. If the charge is distributed over a surface or along a line, replace <math> \rho\mathrm{d}^3r </math> by <math> \sigma\mathrm{d}A </math> or <math> \lambda\mathrm{d}\ell </math>. The [[Divergence Theorem]] allows Gauss's Law to be written in differential form: