نظام (تحريك حراري): الفرق بين النسختين

النظام المعزول هو نظام مغلق ، لا يحدث فيه تبادل طاقة مع الخارج (المثال 4 في القائمة). ولا يستحق النظام المعزول المثالي الدراسة باستفاضة حيث أن جميع الأجزاء في معادلة توازن الطاقات تختفي وتصبح صفرا.

.<ref>{{cite book |title=Thermodynamics of Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes |author1=I.M.Kolesnikov |author2=V.A.Vinokurov |author3=S.I.Kolesnikov |page=136 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2RzE2pCfijYC&pg=PA136 |isbn=1-56072-904-X |year=2001 |publisher=Nova science Publishers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A System and Its Surroundings |work=ChemWiki |publisher=University of California - Davis |url=http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/A_System_And_Its_Surroundings#Isolated_System |accessdate=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyperphysics | publisher=The Department of Physics and Astronomy of Georgia State University |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/conser.html#isosys |accessdate=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Open, Closed and Isolated Systems in Physical Chemistry, |work=Foundations of Quantum Mechanics and Physical Chemistry |author=Bryan Sanctuary |publisher=McGill University (Montreal) |url=http://quantummechanics.mchmultimedia.com/2011/physical-chemistry/open-closed-and-isolated-systems-in-chemistry/ |accessdate=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists |page=7 |publisher=Imperial College Press |url=http://www.icpress.co.uk/etextbook/p631/p631_chap01.pdf |accessdate=May 2012}}</ref>

==مثال دورة كارنو==

{مقالة رئيسية: [[دورة كارنو]]}