هالوسين: الفرق بين النسختين

'''الهالوسين (Halocins)''' هي مبيدات جرثومية يتم إنتاجها بواسطة أليف الملح العتائق أليفة الملح<ref name=“pmid12557560”>{{cite journal |author=Li Y, Xiang H, Tan H |title=[Halocin: protein antibiotics produced by extremely halophilic archaea] |language=Chinese |journal= Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=502–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12557560 |doi=}}</ref><ref name=“pmid11938468”>{{cite journal |author=O'Connor EM, Shand RF |title=Halocins and sulfolobicins: the emerging story of archaeal protein and peptide antibiotics |journal= Journal of Industrial Microbiology Biotechnology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |year=2002 |pmid=11938468 |doi=10.1038/sj/jim/7000190}}</ref> ونوع من مبيد العتائق.<ref name=Shand2008>{{cite book |chapterurl=http://www.horizonpress.com/arch|author= Shand RF; Leyva KJ |year=2008|chapter=Archaeal Antimicrobials: An Undiscovered Country|title=Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|id=[http://www.horizonpress.com/arch |isbn=978-1-904455-27-1]}}</ref>

ومنذ اكتشافها في عام [[1982,|1982م]]<ref name=“rv1”>{{cite journal |author=Rodríguez-Valera F, Juez G, Kushner DJ |title=Halocins: salt-dependent bacteriocins produced by extremely halophilic rod |journal=Canadian Journal of Microbiology |volume=28 |pages=151–154 |year=1982 |doi=10.1139/m82-019}}</ref> قد ثبت أن الهالوسينات متنوعة على نحو مماثل كما هو الحال بالنسبة للمبيدات الجرثومية الأخرى.<ref name=“tb1”>{{cite journal |author=Torreblanca M, Meseguer I, Rodríguez-Valera F |title=Halocin H6, a bacteriocin from ''Haloferax gibbonsii'' |journal=Journal of General Microbiology |volume=135 |pages=2655–2661 |year=1989}}</ref><ref name=“pmid10940040”>{{cite journal |author=Price LB, Shand RF |title=Halocin S8: a 36-Amino-Acid Microhalocin from the Haloarchaeal Strain S8a |journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=182 |issue=17 |pages=4951–8 |year=2000 |pmid=10940040 |doi=10.1128/JB.182.17.4951-4958.2000}}</ref><ref name=“pmid12102231”>{{cite journal |author=Platas G, Meseguer I, Amils R |title=Purification and biological characterization of halocin H1 from ''Haloferax mediterranei'' M2a |journal=International Microbiology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=15–9 |year=2002 |pmid=12102231 |doi=10.1007/s10123-002-0053-4}}</ref> وبعضها عبارة عن بروتينات كبيرة وبعضها عبارة عن عديد الببتيد (الهالوسين الصغيرة) الصغيرة. هذا التنوع يُعتبر مدهشًا لعدد من الأسباب، منها الافتراضات الأصلية التي تقول إن العتائق (الأركيا)، لا سيما الإكستريموفيل، تعيش في كثافة منخفضة نسبيًا في ظل ظروف قد لا تتطلب سلوكًا عدائيًا.

علم الوراثة,<ref name=“pmid16736600”>{{cite journal |author=Mei SS, Li Y, Lu QH, Xiang H |title=[Cloning and analysis of genes in the halocin C8 gene cluster] |language=Chinese |journal=Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=318–22 |year=2006 |pmid=16736600 |doi=}}</ref><ref name=“pmid15978083”>{{cite journal |author=Sun C, Li Y, Mei S, Lu Q, Zhou L, Xiang H |title=A single gene directs both production and immunity of halocin C8 in a haloarchaeal strain AS7092 |journal=Molecular Microbiology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=537–49 |year=2005 |pmid=15978083 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04705.x}}</ref><ref name=“PerezMA”>{{cite book | last = Perez | first = AM | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Growth physiology of ''Haloferax mediterranei'' R4 and purification of halocin H4 | publisher = Northern Arizona University | year = 2000 | location = Flagstaff, Arizona | pages = Masters Thesis | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref><ref name=“pmid8990311”>{{cite journal |author=Cheung J, Danna KJ, O'Connor EM, Price LB, Shand RF |title=Isolation, sequence, and expression of the gene encoding halocin H4, a bacteriocin from the halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei R4 |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=179 |issue=2 |pages=548–51 |year=1997 |pmid=8990311 |doi= }}</ref><ref name=“pmid9019137”>{{cite journal |author=Platas G, Meseguer I, Amils R |title=Optimization of the production of a bacteriocin from ''Haloferax mediterranei'' Xia3 |journal=Microbiologia |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=75–84 |year=1996 |pmid=9019137 |doi=}}</ref> وآلية الإنتاج<ref name=“mi4”>{{cite journal |author=Meseguer I, Rodríguez-Valera F |title=Production and purification of halocin H4 |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=28 |pages=177–182 |year=1985 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00787.x |issue=2}}</ref><ref name=“pmid12811620”>{{cite journal |author=Li Y, Xiang H, Liu J, Zhou M, Tan H |title=Purification and biological characterization of halocin C8, a novel peptide antibiotic from ''Halobacterium'' strain AS7092 |journal=Extremophiles |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=401–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12811620 |doi=10.1007/s00792-003-0335-6}}</ref> وآلية السلوك<ref name=“platas1”>{{cite book |author=Platas G |title=Caracterizacíon de la actividad antimicrobiana de la haloarquea ''Haloferax mediterranei'' Xia3 |publisher=Universidad Autónoma de Madrid |location=Madrid, Spain |year=1995 |pages = Doctoral Thesis}}</ref><ref name=“pmid7896778”>{{cite journal |author=Meseguer I, Torreblanca M, Konishi T |title=Specific inhibition of the halobacterial Na+/H+ antiporter by halocin H6 |journal= Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=270 |issue=12 |pages=6450–5 |year=1995 |pmid=7896778 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.12.6450}}</ref><ref name=“mi2”>{{cite journal |author=Meseguer I, Rodríguez-Valera F |title= Effect of halocin H4 on cells of ''Halobacterium halobium'' |journal=Journal of General Microbiology |volume=132 |pages=3061–3068 |year=1986}}</ref><ref name=“girones1”>{{cite journal |author=Girones F, Minagawa A, Hatano Y, Torreblanca M, Meseguer I, Sanchez M, Konishi T |journal=Nippon Yakugakkai Nenkai Koen Yoshishu |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=116 |year=2001 |title=Protein-protein interaction between halocin H7 and halobacterial membrane protein}}</ref> الخاصة بالهالوسين قد جرت دراستها، ولكن ليس بشكل شامل. النظام البيئي للهالوسين<ref name=“pmid10741835”>{{cite journal |author=Kis-Papo T, Oren A |title=Halocins: are they involved in the competition between halobacteria in saltern ponds? |journal=Extremophiles |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=35–41 |year=2000 |pmid=10741835 |doi=}}</ref><ref name=“mi3”>{{cite journal |author=Meseguer I, Rodríguez-Valera F, Ventosa A |title=Antagonistic interactions among halobacteria due to halocin production |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=36 |pages=177–182 |year=1986 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01691.x |issue=2–3}}</ref><ref name=“oren1”>{{cite journal |author=Oren A |title=The ecology of the halophilic archaea |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |volume=13 |pages=415–440 |year=1994 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00060.x |issue=4}}</ref><ref name=“pirzada1”>{{cite journal |author=Pirzada ZA, Ali SA, Khan BM, Rasool, SA |journal=Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences |title=Production and Physico-chemical Characterization of Bacteriocins-like Inhibitory Substances from Marine Bacterium ZM81 |volume=7 |issue=12 |year=2004}}</ref> قد دُرس أيضًا. ومن الملاحظات المثيرة للاهتمام هي أن الهالوسين تكون نشطة عبر الأقسام الرئيسيةالرئيسة للعتائق<ref name=“pmid11114928”>{{cite journal |author=Haseltine C, Hill T, Montalvo-Rodriguez R, Kemper SK, Shand RF, Blum P |title=Secreted Euryarchaeal Microhalocins Kill Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaea |journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=183 |issue=1 |pages=287–91 |year=2001 |pmid=11114928 |doi=10.1128/JB.183.1.287-291.2001}}</ref> وبالتالي فإن هذا يخالف العقيدة القائلة بأنها يجب أن تكون فعالة ضد السلالات الأكثر ارتباطًا.