معركة قرطاجنة 1741

معركة كارتاخينا دي إندياس
جزء من حرب أذن جينكنز
	الهجوم البريطاني على قرطاجنة دي إندياس بواسطة لويس فرنانديز جورديلو. .; زيت على قماش، متحف البحرية في مدريد
معلومات عامة
التاريخ	13 March – 20 May 1741
الموقع	قرطاجنة (كولومبيا)، نيابة الملك في غرناطة الجديدة (كولومبيا حاليًا); 10°23′07″N 75°32′19″W / 10.38528°N 75.53861°W
النتيجة	إنتصار إسباني الانسحاب البريطاني مع خسائر فادحة.; إسبانيا تعزز تفوقها في أمريكا الجنوبية.;
المتحاربون
بريطانيا العظمى	الإمبراطورية الإسبانية
القادة
Edward Vernon; Thomas Wentworth ‏; John Grant ⚔; Charles Knowles ‏	Sebastián de Eslava; Blas de Lezo; Jose Polanco Campuzano ‏; Carlos Desnaux
القوة
27,400–30,000 جندي: 12,000 نظامي ومشاة البحرية والميليشيات ; 15,398 بحار من البحرية الملكية; 29 سفينة خطية; 22 فرقاطة; 71 حراقة (سفينة); 2 سفينة مستشفى; 80 سفينة نقل الجنود; 50 سفينة تجارية	3,000–4,000 جندي: 2,700 نظامي; 600 بحار و300 من المليشيات ; 600 رامي هندي; 6 سفن الخط والعديد من البنادق على الشاطئ;
الخسائر
9,500–11,500 قتيل; 7,500 جريح ومريض; 1,500 سلاح مفقود; 6 سفن مفقودة تابعة للبحرية الملكية ; 17 سفينة تابعة للبحرية الملكية البريطانية تضررت بشدة; 4 فرقاطات و27 سفينة نقل مفقودة	800 قتيل; 1,200 جريح; 6 سفن مفقودة; 5 قلاع; 3 بطاريات
	تعديل مصدري - تعديل

قالب:Campaignbox War of Jenkins' Ear معركة قرطاجنة (بالإسبانية: Sitio de Cartagena de Indias)‏ (معركة كارتاخينا دي إندياس) هي معركة وقعت خلال حرب أذن جينكنز بين إسبانيا وبريطانيا من 1739 إلى 1748. كانت الحرب نتيجة للتوترات التجارية طويلة الأمد ودارت في المقام الأول في منطقة الكاريبي. حاول البريطانيون الاستيلاء على الموانئ الإسبانية الرئيسة في المنطقة، بما في ذلك بورتو بيلو وشاغرس في بنما وهافانا وقرطاجنة دي إندياس في كولومبيا الحالية.^[23]

المراجع عدل

^ Anderson، MS (1995). The War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 (Modern Wars In Perspective). Routledge. ص. 18. ISBN:978-0582059504.
^ "Col. John Grant, of Carron". Clan MacFarlane and associated clans genealogy. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-03-14.
^ Beatson 1804، Vol. III, pp. 25–7.
Browning 1993، صفحة 60, gives a total overall strength as perhaps 30,000 men.
^ A remarkable piece of Spanish intelligence on this expedition is found almost a year prior to the arrival of this fleet. The Governor of Spanish Florida learned from English colonists taken prisoner in the recapture of Fort Mose during the siege of St. Augustine that "they have learned of the preparation in England of a considerable expedition against Havanna, consisting of 30 ships of the line, and of a landing party of 10,000 men. I am sending this dispatch to give you this information as possibly of great importance to the service of the King." Letter from Governor Montiano, 6 July 1740, Collections of the Georgia Historical Society. (Vol. VII. – Part I) Published by Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Ga. For an in depth analysis of the intelligence and spies used by both sides. See: Rivas Ibañez 2008.
^ Beatson, Hart, Duncan, Lord Mahon, Hume & other historians give a total of 12,000 land forces beginning the expedition. Including 3,600 American colonial marines—Colonel William Gooch's 43rd Regiment, commanded by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. Considered the origin of the قوات مشاة بحرية الولايات المتحدة.
^ Beatson 1804، Vol. III, pp. 25–6, gives Royal Navy crews total of 15,398—he does not give crew totals for the 135 transports and supply ships which likely numbered 3000 to 5000, Reed Browning's estimate of 30,000 for the total force would leave a balance of some 2600 for transport crews. Hume 1825، صفحات 108–13, "The conjoined squadrons consisted of nine and twenty ships of the line...The number of seamen amounted to 15,000: that of land forces...12,000." Samuel 1923، صفحات 236–42, 'Admiral Vernon, "...now reinforced by twenty-five ships of the line and 9,000 soldiers...".
^ Beatson 1804، Vol III, pp. 25–6. List of ships of the line under Vernon is 8 of 80 guns, 5 of 70 guns, 14 of 60 guns, 2 of 50 guns and 22 frigates. Also Hart 1922، p. 140, gives 22.
^ Smollett & Hume 1848، p.391, Ogle's fleet being sent to Vernon for the expedition against Cartagena is stated to be "one hundred and seventy sail" when added to Vernon's squadron something very close to 186 ships is achieved and includes the supply ships and transports not mentioned elsewhere. The author, Smollett, of course, was with this expedition as surgeon and therefore an eyewitness..
^ Hart 1922، p. 146.
Browning 1993، صفحة 60, estimates 3,000.
^ Fernández Duro 1902، p.247, however, gives 1,100 regulars and 400 marines.
^ This number is possibly underestimated in sources as the 6 Spanish ships of the line must have had crews similar to those British ships of that size had, i.e. 400–600 each, so that the total of 4,000 for garrison of Cartagena was mostly sailors.
^ Hart 1922، p. 146, gives 300 militia.
^ Geggus، David (1979). "Yellow Fever in the 1790s: The British Army in occupied Saint Domingue". Medical History. ج. 23 ع. 1: 50. DOI:10.1017/S0025727300051012. PMC:1082398. PMID:368468., "... of the 12,000 British and Americans who laid siege to Cartagena in 1741 seventy percent perished, including seventy-seven per cent of the British." therefore: 8,400 from yellow fever alone, over 6,000 British soldiers at the siege.
Similarly, Harbron 2004، صفحة 108, "...yellow fever ... killed perhaps 9,000 sailors and troops in the British forces.".
Hart 1922، p. 151. "So great were the losses to the troops through disease and battle that not over one third of the land troops appear to have returned with the fleet to Jamaica." This would indicate considerably more than 8,000 dead.
Likewise, Coxe 1815، صفحة 24 states that Havana is attacked by "...3,000 men, the discouraged and exhausted remnant of the troops which had been repulsed at Cartagena ...". Coxe also gives the overall loss of the expedition during the campaign as 20,000 lives lost.
Beatson 1804، Vol. I, p. 111, gives the army's strength as down to 3,000 in Jamaica.
^ Duncan، Francis (1879). History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. In two volumes - Vol. 1. London: John Murray. ص. 123. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-03-12.,"...so reduced was this force in two years by disaster and disease, that not a tenth part returned to England...'thus ended in shame, disappointment, and loss, the most important, most expensive, and best concerted expedition that Great Britain was ever engaged in'...". So too, Fortescue 1899، صفحة 76. "Of the regiments that had sailed from St. Helen's under Cathcart in all the pride and confidence of strength, nine in every ten had perished.".
^ ^أ ^ب Fernández Duro 1902، صفحة 250.
^ Anon 2008. This article states 1500 British guns captured, lost or damaged, but this number needs to be taken with a grain of salt, however, the article does contain references.
^ Fernández Duro 1902، صفحة 250, "...tuvieron que incendiar seis navios y otros 17 quedaron con necesidad de grandes reparos para poder servir...".
^ . "...departing May 20th, five ships were burnt due to a lack of crew. Another sank on its way to Jamaica" El desastre del ataque británico a Cartagena de Indias. Revista de Historia Naval. نسخة محفوظة 2022-03-31 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ The Hispanic American Historical Review, Volume 2, Baltimore, 1922, p. 64, gives: "... 18 of the largest... repairing considerable damage.".
^ Anon 2008.
^ Marley, David. Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present, ABC-CLIO (1998). (ردمك 0-87436-837-5), p. 259, gives 600 dead.
^ All Spanish losses from: Anon 2008.
^ "معلومات عن معركة قرطاجنة 1741 على موقع id.loc.gov". id.loc.gov. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-29.

في كومنز صور وملفات عن: معركة قرطاجنة 1741

هذه بذرة مقالة عن موضوع عن تاريخ كولومبيا بحاجة للتوسيع. فضلًا شارك في تحريرها.

[1] Anderson، MS (1995). The War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 (Modern Wars In Perspective). Routledge. ص. 18. ISBN:978-0582059504.

[2] "Col. John Grant, of Carron". Clan MacFarlane and associated clans genealogy. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-03-14.

[3] Beatson 1804، Vol. III, pp. 25–7.
Browning 1993، صفحة 60, gives a total overall strength as perhaps 30,000 men.

[4] A remarkable piece of Spanish intelligence on this expedition is found almost a year prior to the arrival of this fleet. The Governor of Spanish Florida learned from English colonists taken prisoner in the recapture of Fort Mose during the siege of St. Augustine that "they have learned of the preparation in England of a considerable expedition against Havanna, consisting of 30 ships of the line, and of a landing party of 10,000 men. I am sending this dispatch to give you this information as possibly of great importance to the service of the King." Letter from Governor Montiano, 6 July 1740, Collections of the Georgia Historical Society. (Vol. VII. – Part I) Published by Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Ga. For an in depth analysis of the intelligence and spies used by both sides. See: Rivas Ibañez 2008.

[5] Beatson, Hart, Duncan, Lord Mahon, Hume & other historians give a total of 12,000 land forces beginning the expedition. Including 3,600 American colonial marines—Colonel William Gooch's 43rd Regiment, commanded by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. Considered the origin of the قوات مشاة بحرية الولايات المتحدة.

[6] Beatson 1804، Vol. III, pp. 25–6, gives Royal Navy crews total of 15,398—he does not give crew totals for the 135 transports and supply ships which likely numbered 3000 to 5000, Reed Browning's estimate of 30,000 for the total force would leave a balance of some 2600 for transport crews. Hume 1825، صفحات 108–13, "The conjoined squadrons consisted of nine and twenty ships of the line...The number of seamen amounted to 15,000: that of land forces...12,000." Samuel 1923، صفحات 236–42, 'Admiral Vernon, "...now reinforced by twenty-five ships of the line and 9,000 soldiers...".

[7] Beatson 1804، Vol III, pp. 25–6. List of ships of the line under Vernon is 8 of 80 guns, 5 of 70 guns, 14 of 60 guns, 2 of 50 guns and 22 frigates. Also Hart 1922، p. 140, gives 22.

[FOOTNOTESmollettHume1848p.391,_Ogle's_fleet_being_sent_to_Vernon_for_the_expedition_against_Cartagena_is_stated_to_be_"one_hundred_and_seventy_sail"_when_added_to_Vernon's_squadron_something_very_close_to_186_ships_is_achieved_and_includes_the_supply_ships_and_transports_not_mentioned_elsewhere._The_author,_Smollett,_of_course,_was_with_this_expedition_as_surgeon_and_therefore_an_eyewitness.-8] Smollett & Hume 1848، p.391, Ogle's fleet being sent to Vernon for the expedition against Cartagena is stated to be "one hundred and seventy sail" when added to Vernon's squadron something very close to 186 ships is achieved and includes the supply ships and transports not mentioned elsewhere. The author, Smollett, of course, was with this expedition as surgeon and therefore an eyewitness..

[9] Hart 1922، p. 146.
Browning 1993، صفحة 60, estimates 3,000.

[FOOTNOTEFernández_Duro1902p.247,_however,_gives_1,100_regulars_and_400_marines-10] Fernández Duro 1902، p.247, however, gives 1,100 regulars and 400 marines.

[11] This number is possibly underestimated in sources as the 6 Spanish ships of the line must have had crews similar to those British ships of that size had, i.e. 400–600 each, so that the total of 4,000 for garrison of Cartagena was mostly sailors.

[FOOTNOTEHart1922p._146,_gives_300_militia-12] Hart 1922، p. 146, gives 300 militia.

[13] Geggus، David (1979). "Yellow Fever in the 1790s: The British Army in occupied Saint Domingue". Medical History. ج. 23 ع. 1: 50. DOI:10.1017/S0025727300051012. PMC:1082398. PMID:368468., "... of the 12,000 British and Americans who laid siege to Cartagena in 1741 seventy percent perished, including seventy-seven per cent of the British." therefore: 8,400 from yellow fever alone, over 6,000 British soldiers at the siege.
Similarly, Harbron 2004، صفحة 108, "...yellow fever ... killed perhaps 9,000 sailors and troops in the British forces.".
Hart 1922، p. 151. "So great were the losses to the troops through disease and battle that not over one third of the land troops appear to have returned with the fleet to Jamaica." This would indicate considerably more than 8,000 dead.
Likewise, Coxe 1815، صفحة 24 states that Havana is attacked by "...3,000 men, the discouraged and exhausted remnant of the troops which had been repulsed at Cartagena ...". Coxe also gives the overall loss of the expedition during the campaign as 20,000 lives lost.
Beatson 1804، Vol. I, p. 111, gives the army's strength as down to 3,000 in Jamaica.

[Duncan1879_123MacMillan1899_76-14] Duncan، Francis (1879). History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. In two volumes - Vol. 1. London: John Murray. ص. 123. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-03-12.,"...so reduced was this force in two years by disaster and disease, that not a tenth part returned to England...'thus ended in shame, disappointment, and loss, the most important, most expensive, and best concerted expedition that Great Britain was ever engaged in'...". So too, Fortescue 1899، صفحة 76. "Of the regiments that had sailed from St. Helen's under Cathcart in all the pride and confidence of strength, nine in every ten had perished.".

[Duro1902_250-15] أ ^ب Fernández Duro 1902، صفحة 250.

[16] Anon 2008. This article states 1500 British guns captured, lost or damaged, but this number needs to be taken with a grain of salt, however, the article does contain references.

[17] Fernández Duro 1902، صفحة 250, "...tuvieron que incendiar seis navios y otros 17 quedaron con necesidad de grandes reparos para poder servir...".

[18] . "...departing May 20th, five ships were burnt due to a lack of crew. Another sank on its way to Jamaica" El desastre del ataque británico a Cartagena de Indias. Revista de Historia Naval. نسخة محفوظة 2022-03-31 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[19] The Hispanic American Historical Review, Volume 2, Baltimore, 1922, p. 64, gives: "... 18 of the largest... repairing considerable damage.".

[FOOTNOTEAnon2008-20] Anon 2008.

[21] Marley, David. Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present, ABC-CLIO (1998). (ردمك 0-87436-837-5), p. 259, gives 600 dead.

[22] All Spanish losses from: Anon 2008.

[23] "معلومات عن معركة قرطاجنة 1741 على موقع id.loc.gov". id.loc.gov. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-10-29.

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