كيرسي جريفز

كيرسي جريفز
معلومات شخصية
الميلاد	21 نوفمبر 1813
الوفاة	4 سبتمبر 1883 (69 سنة) ; ريتشموند
الحياة العملية
المهنة	فيلسوف، وكاتب
	تعديل مصدري - تعديل

كان كيرسي جريفز (21 نوفمبر 1813 في براونزفيل بولاية بنسلفانيا - 4 سبتمبر 1883 في ريتشموند بولاية إنديانا) كاتبًا شكوكيًا ملحدًا من أتباع مذهب الفلسفة العقلانية وروحانيًا وإصلاحيًا، اشتهر في دائرة الفكر الحر الأمريكية في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر.

حياته عدل

ولد جريفز في براونزفيل بولاية بنسلفانيا.^[2] كان والديه من أتباع جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية. وعندما كان شابًا تبعهم في شعائرهم، وانتقل فيما بعد إلى تيار إلياس هيكس من جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية. وفقًا لأحد المصادر، فإن جريفز لم يرتد المدرسة لأكثر من ثلاث أو أربعة أشهر خلال فترة حياته كاملة،^[3] لكن مصدرًا آخر يقول إنه تلقى «تعليمًا أكاديميًا»، وقد درّس في سن التاسعة عشرة في مدرسة في ريتشموند، وهي مهنة استمر فيها لأكثر من عشرين عامًا.^[4] كان من دعاة الإبطالية في الولايات المتحدة، ومهتمًا أيضًا بإصلاح اللغة، وانخرط مع عدد من المفكرين الأحرار الراديكاليين ضمن جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية، في أغسطس 1844، انضم إلى مجموعة من حوالي خمسين مستوطنًا من أدباء المدينة الفاضلة. في ننفس الشهر، تبرأت منه مجموعة اجتماعات جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية بسبب إهماله للحضور وكذلك لإنشاءه مجموعة منافسة. كانت المجموعات التي ارتبط بها في وقت لاحق منخرطة في السحر والروحانية.

في يوليو 1845، تزوج جريفز من ليديا ميتشينير، وهي عضو في جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية أيضًا، في منزل الاجتماعات في جوشن في زانيسفيلد (أوهايو) مقاطعة لوغان. أنجبا خمسة أطفال فيما بعد في منزلهم في هارفيسبورغ (أوهايو). عادوا لاحقًا إلى ريتشموند واشتروا مزرعة.

كان منزل اجتماعات جوشن مركزًا لأصدقاء التجمع وساهم في نشر ثقافة الاعتدال والسلام والصحة ومكافحة العبودية وحقوق المرأة والطوباوية الاشتراكية.

كيّفته خلفيته المتعلقة بجمعية الأصدقاء الدينية إلى فلسفة التنوير الباطني، التي تعتمد على فكرة أنه لا علاقة لرجال الدين والعقائد وطقوس العبادة بالمذهب بل وإنها تشكل عائقًا أمام عمل الله.

عُزز هذا من خلال طائفة هيكس التابعة للصحابية- التصوف إذ تُعتبر الحياة الروحية للفرد هي الأكثر أهمية وجميع المظاهر الخارجية والدنيوية لا صلة لها. كان أصدقاء التجمع على يسار مذهب الهيكسية وانسحبوا أكثر فأكثر من المسيحية والإيمان بالله حتى.

توفي جريفز في منزله شمال ريتشموند بولاية إنديانا في 4 سبتمبر 1883.

انظر أيضًا عدل

مراجع عدل

^ R. E. Banta, ed. (1949), Indiana Authors and Their Books 1819-1916 (بالإنجليزية), Wabash College, OCLC:1044959, QID:Q117266889
^ "Who Was Kersey Graves?". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-06-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2005-05-02.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link) by John Benedict Buescher.
^ Henry Clay Fox, Memoirs of Wayne County and the City of Richmond, Indiana, vol. 1 (Madison, Wisc.: Western Historical Association, 1912), p.393: Kersey Graves was born in Pennsylvania, Nov. 14, 1813, and died in Richmond, Indiana, Sept. 4, 1883. He attended school but three or four months in his life, but in spite of this became, by reading, a well educated man. He became dissatisfied with popular theology quite early in life and used his pen to correct what he believed to be errors. He wrote "The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors" (Colby & Rich, Boston, 1886), which reached its tenth edition and was sold in both America and Europe; "The Bible of Bibles (1883), an account of Twenty Bibles of the World"; "The Biography of Satan" (Religio-Philosophical Pub. Co., 1865), and "Sixteen Saviors or None." He devoted the later years of his life exclusively to literary work and lecturing. At the time of his death he was associate-«ditor of the Indianapolis "Globe," an antitariff paper. نسخة محفوظة 2014-07-05 في Wayback Machine
^ History of Wayne County, Indiana, together with sketches of its cities, villages and towns, educational, religious, civil, military, and political history, portraits of prominent persons, and biographies of representative citizens, vol. 1 (Chicago: Inter-State Publishing Company, 1884), p.639: PROF. KERSEY GRAVES, well known to the people of Wayne County by his literary labors, was born in Brownsville, Pa., Nov. 21, 1815, and died in Richmond, Sept. 4, 1883. He received an academical education, and at the age of nineteen began teaching in Richmond, Ind. He continued that occupation here and elsewhere for twenty-three years. He early became interested in scientific studies and spent several years traveling and lecturing on phrenology, physiology and physiognomy. He lectured frequently on temperance and was an anti-slavery orator of some note. He became dissatisfied with popular theology quite early in life, and used his pen to correct what he believed to be errors. His first book was "The Biography of Satan," which had a large sale. His next production , "The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors," reached its tenth edition and was sold in both America and Europe. Among his latest works was a book entitled "The Bible of Bibles," being an account of twenty-seven Bibles of various ages and countries. He devoted the latter years of his life exclusively to literary work and lectnring, and contributed many articles to magazines and newspapers. His memory was remarkable and his mental acumen great. He lived an upright life. He married Miss Lydia Michener and reared four children. نسخة محفوظة 2014-07-05 في Wayback Machine

وصلات خارجية عدل

كيرسي جريفز في المشاريع الشقيقة:

صور وملفات صوتية من كومنز.

[wikidata-f84fe9b988f5bbda88fa1736f5fb46b5f0b7a437-1] R. E. Banta, ed. (1949), Indiana Authors and Their Books 1819-1916 (بالإنجليزية), Wabash College, OCLC:1044959, QID:Q117266889

[2] "Who Was Kersey Graves?". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-06-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2005-05-02.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link) by John Benedict Buescher.

[3] Henry Clay Fox, Memoirs of Wayne County and the City of Richmond, Indiana, vol. 1 (Madison, Wisc.: Western Historical Association, 1912), p.393: Kersey Graves was born in Pennsylvania, Nov. 14, 1813, and died in Richmond, Indiana, Sept. 4, 1883. He attended school but three or four months in his life, but in spite of this became, by reading, a well educated man. He became dissatisfied with popular theology quite early in life and used his pen to correct what he believed to be errors. He wrote "The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors" (Colby & Rich, Boston, 1886), which reached its tenth edition and was sold in both America and Europe; "The Bible of Bibles (1883), an account of Twenty Bibles of the World"; "The Biography of Satan" (Religio-Philosophical Pub. Co., 1865), and "Sixteen Saviors or None." He devoted the later years of his life exclusively to literary work and lecturing. At the time of his death he was associate-«ditor of the Indianapolis "Globe," an antitariff paper. نسخة محفوظة 2014-07-05 في Wayback Machine

[4] History of Wayne County, Indiana, together with sketches of its cities, villages and towns, educational, religious, civil, military, and political history, portraits of prominent persons, and biographies of representative citizens, vol. 1 (Chicago: Inter-State Publishing Company, 1884), p.639: PROF. KERSEY GRAVES, well known to the people of Wayne County by his literary labors, was born in Brownsville, Pa., Nov. 21, 1815, and died in Richmond, Sept. 4, 1883. He received an academical education, and at the age of nineteen began teaching in Richmond, Ind. He continued that occupation here and elsewhere for twenty-three years. He early became interested in scientific studies and spent several years traveling and lecturing on phrenology, physiology and physiognomy. He lectured frequently on temperance and was an anti-slavery orator of some note. He became dissatisfied with popular theology quite early in life, and used his pen to correct what he believed to be errors. His first book was "The Biography of Satan," which had a large sale. His next production , "The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors," reached its tenth edition and was sold in both America and Europe. Among his latest works was a book entitled "The Bible of Bibles," being an account of twenty-seven Bibles of various ages and countries. He devoted the latter years of his life exclusively to literary work and lectnring, and contributed many articles to magazines and newspapers. His memory was remarkable and his mental acumen great. He lived an upright life. He married Miss Lydia Michener and reared four children. نسخة محفوظة 2014-07-05 في Wayback Machine

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]