قالب:نهاية المراجع

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{{بداية المراجع}} and its complementary closing template {{نهاية المراجع}} are used to apply any of several optional styles or presentational choices for ببليوجرافيا or reference lists—that is, lists of fully-specified references / sources / works cited, alpha-sorted by author/contributor) that appear in Wikipedia articles.

These bibliographies or reference lists frequently appear in dedicated sections within an article, variously titled == References ==, == Works cited ==, == Bibliography ==, == Further reading ==, == Published works ==, and so on.

Wikipedia referencing or citation systems that use bibliography-style reference lists include: ويكيبيديا:الاستشهاد بمصادر، parenthetical referencing, and 'general' referencing. The 'full' footnote and embedded citations referencing systems do not use those lists, although articles using these latter two systems may also contain "Further reading" or other sections containing bibliography-style listings, that {{بداية المراجع}} formatting could be applied to.

The formatting options provided by this template are:

refbegin template options/parameters

Option	How to get it	Notes
font size reduction	{{بداية المراجع}}	no parameters needed, default will reduce to 90% of standard browser text size
display list in multiple columns	{{بداية المراجع|n}}	where n determines the number of columns, or width of columns based on the browser's screen width
apply hanging indent	{{بداية المراجع|indent=yes}}	will apply hanging indent if an individual reference wraps over more than one line in the browser's display window

Each use of {{بداية المراجع}} whether with or without parameters, needs an accompanying {{نهاية المراجع}} closing template to 'turn off' the formatting; refend does not need any parameters.

Font size reduction is always applied. Either one, the other, or both of multi-columns and hanging indent may be applied as well (though see specifics and caveats on browser differences in relevant sections, below).

الاستخدام

With all (optional) parameters shown:

== مراجع ==
{{بداية المراجع|n |indent= |indentsize= }} 
* list of bibliography/references entries..
...

{{نهاية المراجع}}

Placement

The {{بداية المراجع}} is placed immediately below the header of the bibliography/references section its formatting will be applied to. The closing {{نهاية المراجع}} template is placed within the same section, at the end of the bibliography/references list content.

When used, each occurrence of {{بداية المراجع}} should always be paired with a corresponding closing {{نهاية المراجع}} template:

== مراجع ==
{{بداية المراجع}}
*1st entry in the bibliography/references list.. 
*2nd entry in the bibliography/references list.. 
...
*last entry in the bibliography/references list.. 

{{نهاية المراجع}}

The formatting provided by {{بداية المراجع}} is "turned on" at the location where the template is placed, and is applied to all text after and below it, until it is "turned off" by a closing {{نهاية المراجع}} template (or </div> tag). Failing to provide a closing {{نهاية المراجع}} may produce unwanted effects in other sections that may appear below the 'References', 'Bibliography' etc. section, such as 'External links' sections that are usually placed at or near the article's end.

Option 1: Text size (default behaviour)

The default usage (without parameters) applies a style that reduces the text size of the bibliographies/reference list entries. This can be useful to make a long bibliography/list of references display more compactly, and it also mimics the formatting style applied to مساعدة:هوامش الصفحات by the {{مراجع}} template.

The {{مراجع}} formats footnotes—any text in the article body that is placed between <ref></ref> tags—that are auto-generated by the cite.php extension, called by {{مراجع}}. In the case of articles using the ويكيبيديا:الاستشهاد بمصادر referencing system, these footnotes will typically contain an abbreviated citation such as <ref>Smith 2002, p.123</ref> that corresponds with an entry in the bibliography/references list section (other text such as discursive notes may appear as well).

The font size should reduce to 90% for most browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for Internet Explorer and possibly other browsers. Reflist and Refbegin use each one CSS entry in ميدياويكي:Common.css to set the font size:

div.reflist,
div.refbegin {
 font-size: 90%;
}

Editors may over-ride this setting by placing entries in their personal CSS.

If the 'full' footnotes referencing system is used (i.e. there is no separate bibliography/references list, all cites/references are defined in <ref></ref> tags), then use {{مراجع}} alone:

== مراجع ==
{{مراجع}}

If there is a bibliography/references list but no footnoted citations (e.g. in general references or parenthetical referencing systems) then use {{بداية المراجع}} and {{نهاية المراجع}} like so:

== مراجع ==
{{بداية المراجع}}
* general reference 1
* general reference 2
{{نهاية المراجع}}

If there are footnoted citations and a separate bibliography/references list (i.e., the ويكيبيديا:الاستشهاد بمصادر system), then place {{مراجع}} to generate the footnotes in one section (immediately above the bibliography/references list), and use {{بداية المراجع}} in the latter section:

== ملاحظات ==
{{مراجع}} <!--this will auto-generate the numbered list of footnotes/cites --> 

== مراجع ==
{{بداية المراجع}}
* bibliography entry / reference 1
* bibliography entry / reference 2
* etc
{{نهاية المراجع}}

Option 2: Multiple columns

If an integer n is supplied as the first parameter, the template will display the bibliography/references list in n columns. This may be useful for compact display for a lengthy list, and matches also the optional capability of {{مراجع}} to display output in multiple columns. Thus, {{بداية المراجع|2}} will display the list in two columns. If no integer parameter is specified, the default is a single column. Note, it will rarely be useful or practical to display bibliography/references list entries in more than two columns.

If a value with a unit is supplied as the first parameter, i.e. 30em, the template will display the bibliography/references list in columns with a minimum width of that value, allowing the browser to determin the optimal number of columns. Using {{بداية المراجع|20em}} for instance is useful for short citations.

== مراجع ==
{{بداية المراجع|2}}
* {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|مؤلف=Southworth, Jane |المؤلفون=and Catherine Tucker |سنة=2001 |شهر=August |عنوان=The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras |مسار=http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |صيغة=PDF reproduction, BioOne online |صحيفة=Mountain Research and Development |مكان=Boulder, CO |ناشر=International Mountain Society and United Nations University |المجلد=21 |العدد=3 |صفحات=276–283 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2
 |issn=0276-4741 |oclc=107067006}}
* {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|مؤلف=Tucker, Catherine M. |المؤلفون=Darla K. Munroe, Harini Nagendra, and Jane Southworth |سنة=2005 |شهر=June|عنوان=Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala |مسار=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf |صيغة=PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons |صحيفة=Conservation and Society |مكان=New Delhi and London |ناشر=SAGE Publications |المجلد=3 |العدد=1 |صفحات=174–200 |issn=0972-4923|oclc=210806013}}
{{نهاية المراجع}}

References

• Southworth, Jane (2001). "The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras" (PDF reproduction, BioOne online). Mountain Research and Development. Boulder, CO: International Mountain Society and United Nations University. ج. 21 ع. 3: 276–283. DOI:10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN:0276-4741. OCLC:107067006. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط author-name-list parameters تكرر أكثر من مرة (مساعدة) والوسيط غير المعروف |شهر= تم تجاهله يقترح استخدام |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
• Tucker, Catherine M. (2005). "Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala" (PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons). Conservation and Society. New Delhi and London: SAGE Publications. ج. 3 ع. 1: 174–200. ISSN:0972-4923. OCLC:210806013. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط author-name-list parameters تكرر أكثر من مرة (مساعدة) والوسيط غير المعروف |شهر= تم تجاهله يقترح استخدام |تاريخ= (مساعدة)

== مراجع ==
{{بداية المراجع|20em}}
* {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|مؤلف=Southworth, Jane |المؤلفون=and Catherine Tucker |سنة=2001 |شهر=August |عنوان=The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras |مسار=http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |صيغة=PDF reproduction, BioOne online |صحيفة=Mountain Research and Development |مكان=Boulder, CO |ناشر=International Mountain Society and United Nations University |المجلد=21 |العدد=3 |صفحات=276–283 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2
 |issn=0276-4741 |oclc=107067006}}
* {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|مؤلف=Tucker, Catherine M. |المؤلفون=Darla K. Munroe, Harini Nagendra, and Jane Southworth |سنة=2005 |شهر=June|عنوان=Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala |مسار=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf |صيغة=PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons |صحيفة=Conservation and Society |مكان=New Delhi and London |ناشر=SAGE Publications |المجلد=3 |العدد=1 |صفحات=174–200 |issn=0972-4923|oclc=210806013}}
{{نهاية المراجع}}

References

• Southworth, Jane (2001). "The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras" (PDF reproduction, BioOne online). Mountain Research and Development. Boulder, CO: International Mountain Society and United Nations University. ج. 21 ع. 3: 276–283. DOI:10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN:0276-4741. OCLC:107067006. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط author-name-list parameters تكرر أكثر من مرة (مساعدة) والوسيط غير المعروف |شهر= تم تجاهله يقترح استخدام |تاريخ= (مساعدة)
• Tucker, Catherine M. (2005). "Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala" (PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons). Conservation and Society. New Delhi and London: SAGE Publications. ج. 3 ع. 1: 174–200. ISSN:0972-4923. OCLC:210806013. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط author-name-list parameters تكرر أكثر من مرة (مساعدة) والوسيط غير المعروف |شهر= تم تجاهله يقترح استخدام |تاريخ= (مساعدة)

Browser support

المتصحفات الداعمة لتصميم سي إس إس 3 للأعمدة المتعددة

الخاصية	إنترنت إكسبلورر	فايرفوكس	سفاري	كروم	أوبرا
column-width column-count	≥ 10 (2012)	≥ 1.5 (2005)	≥ 3 (2007)	≥ 1 (2008)	≥ 11.1 (2011)
columns	≥ 10 (2012)	≥ 9 (2011)	≥ 3 (2007)	≥ 1 (2008)	≥ 11.1 (2011)
break-before break-after break-inside	≥ 10 (2012)	≥ 65 (2019)	≥ 10 (2016)	≥ 65 (2016)	≥ 15 (2013)

Multiple columns are generated by using صفحات الطرز المتراصة, which is still in development; thus only browsers that properly support the multi-column property will show multiple columns.

Option 3: Hanging indentation

A إزاحة (كتابة) may be applied to bibliographies/reference lists by using the |indent= parameter. This option can be useful in long bibliographies/reference lists and in particular when individual entries in the list are long, i.e. they wrap over more than one line in the browser display window. Applying a hanging indent to the list makes it much easier to distinguish the keywords (i.e. normally the authors' names) in the bibliography and makes them stand out from preceding and succeeding lines of text. Hanging indents in bibliographies also form part of several widely used citation style implementations, such as APA, MLA, and Chicago.

In order for indents to display properly, do not use bullet markers (*); you must use indent markers (:) instead.

To use, set {{بداية المراجع|indent=yes}}.

Examples

a) Using {{بداية المراجع}} with the hanging indent option |indent=yes applied:

== مراجع ==
{{بداية المراجع|indent=yes}}
: {{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Dakin, Karen|سنة=1994|الفصل=El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|عنوان=Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |سلسلة=Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|محرر=Carolyn MacKay and Verónica Vázquez (eds.)|ناشر=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|مكان=México D.F.|صفحات=3–86 |isbn=968-36-4055-9 |oclc=34716589}} {{أيقونة إسبانية}}
: {{استشهاد بمنشورات مؤتمر|author=Flores Farfán, José Antonio |year=2002|title=The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url=http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format=[[نسق المستندات المنقولة|PDF]] |conference=Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) | book-title =Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor=Barbara Jane Burnaby and John Allan Reyhner (eds.) |location=Flagstaff, AZ |publisher=Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages=225–236 |isbn=0-9670554-2-3 |oclc=95062129}}
: {{استشهاد بكتاب|author=Rincón, Antonio del |year=1885 |origyear=1595 |title=Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url=http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition=Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format=[[نسق المستندات المنقولة|PDF]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location=México D.F. |publisher=Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc=162761360 }} {{أيقونة إسبانية}}
: {{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Voegelin, Charles F.|المؤلفون=Florence M. Voegelin and Kenneth L. Hale |سنة=1962 |عنوان=Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |صيغة=Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |سلسلة=Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |مكان=Baltimore MD |ناشر=Waverly Press |oclc=55576894}}
{{نهاية المراجع}}

References

Dakin, Karen (1994). "El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas". في Carolyn MacKay and Verónica Vázquez (eds.) (المحرر). Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica. Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1. México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas. ص. 3–86. ISBN:968-36-4055-9. OCLC:34716589. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |محرر= باسم عام (مساعدة) (بالإسبانية)

Flores Farfán, José Antonio (2002). "The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico" (PDF). في Barbara Jane Burnaby and John Allan Reyhner (eds.) (المحرر). Indigenous Languages across the Community. Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University. ص. 225–236. ISBN:0-9670554-2-3. OCLC:95062129. {{استشهاد بمنشورات مؤتمر}}: |محرر= باسم عام (مساعدة) والوسيط |عنوان المؤتمر= و|عنوان الكتاب= تكرر أكثر من مرة (مساعدة)

Rincón, Antonio del (1885) [1595]. Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 (PDF facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections) (ط. Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel). México D.F.: Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento. OCLC:162761360. (بالإسبانية)

Voegelin, Charles F. (1962). Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology. Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17. Baltimore MD: Waverly Press. OCLC:55576894. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |format= بحاجة لـ |url= (مساعدة) والوسيط author-name-list parameters تكرر أكثر من مرة (مساعدة)

b) Using indent in combination with multi-column (in this case, n=2) display {{بداية المراجع|2|indent=yes}} (note that mutlicolumn only works in some browsers):

== مراجع ==
{{بداية المراجع|2|indent=yes}}
: {{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Dakin, Karen|سنة=1994|الفصل=El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|عنوان=Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |سلسلة=Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|محرر=Carolyn MacKay and Verónica Vázquez (eds.)|ناشر=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|مكان=México D.F.|صفحات=3–86 |isbn=968-36-4055-9 |oclc=34716589}} {{أيقونة إسبانية}}
: {{استشهاد بمنشورات مؤتمر|author=Flores Farfán, José Antonio |year=2002|title=The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url=http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format=[[نسق المستندات المنقولة|PDF]] |conference=Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) | book-title =Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor=Barbara Jane Burnaby and John Allan Reyhner (eds.) |location=Flagstaff, AZ |publisher=Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages=225–236 |isbn=0-9670554-2-3 |oclc=95062129}}
: {{استشهاد بكتاب|author=Rincón, Antonio del |year=1885 |origyear=1595 |title=Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url=http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition=Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format=[[نسق المستندات المنقولة|PDF]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location=México D.F. |publisher=Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc=162761360 }} {{أيقونة إسبانية}}
: {{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Voegelin, Charles F.|المؤلفون=Florence M. Voegelin and Kenneth L. Hale |سنة=1962 |عنوان=Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |صيغة=Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |سلسلة=Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |مكان=Baltimore MD |ناشر=Waverly Press |oclc=55576894}}
{{نهاية المراجع}}

References

Dakin, Karen (1994). "El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas". في Carolyn MacKay and Verónica Vázquez (eds.) (المحرر). Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica. Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1. México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas. ص. 3–86. ISBN:968-36-4055-9. OCLC:34716589. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |محرر= باسم عام (مساعدة) (بالإسبانية)

Flores Farfán, José Antonio (2002). "The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico" (PDF). في Barbara Jane Burnaby and John Allan Reyhner (eds.) (المحرر). Indigenous Languages across the Community. Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University. ص. 225–236. ISBN:0-9670554-2-3. OCLC:95062129. {{استشهاد بمنشورات مؤتمر}}: |محرر= باسم عام (مساعدة) والوسيط |عنوان المؤتمر= و|عنوان الكتاب= تكرر أكثر من مرة (مساعدة)

Rincón, Antonio del (1885) [1595]. Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 (PDF facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections) (ط. Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel). México D.F.: Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento. OCLC:162761360. (بالإسبانية)

Voegelin, Charles F. (1962). Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology. Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17. Baltimore MD: Waverly Press. OCLC:55576894. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |format= بحاجة لـ |url= (مساعدة) والوسيط author-name-list parameters تكرر أكثر من مرة (مساعدة)

طالع أيضاً

Reference and citation guidelines

• ويكيبيديا:الاستشهاد بمصادر
• مساعدة:هوامش الصفحات

Citation formatting and presentation templates

• ويكيبيديا:قوالب الاستشهاد - Description of various templates to format individual citation references

Other reference and citation formatting templates

• {{مراجع}} - Auto-generated listing of footnotes and inline citations

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